Editing Link grammar (section)

== Examples ==

=== Example 1 ===
A basic rule file for an SVO language might look like:

 <determiner>     D+;
 <noun-subject>  {D−} &  S+;
 <noun-object>   {D−} &  O−;
 <verb>           S−  & {O+};

Thus the English sentence, "The boy painted a picture" would appear as:

            +-----O-----+
  +-D-+--S--+     +--D--+
  |   |     |     |     |
 The boy painted  a  picture

Similar parses apply for Chinese.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Carol Liu |url=https://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/papers/index.html |title=Towards A Link Grammar for Chinese |journal=Computer Processing of Chinese and Oriental Languages |publisher=Chinese Language Computer Society |year=2001}}</ref>

=== Example 2 ===
Conversely, a rule file for a [[Null subject language|null subject]] SOV language might consist of the following links:

 <noun-subject>   S+;
 <noun-object>    O+;
 <verb>          {O−} & {S−};

And a simple [[Persian language|Persian]] sentence, ''man nAn xordam'' (من نان خوردم) 'I ate bread'  would look like:<ref>{{cite web |author1=John Dehdari |author2=Deryle Lonsdale |url=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~jonsafari/papers/dehdari_lonsdale_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203084810/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~jonsafari/papers/dehdari_lonsdale_2005.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-03 |title=A Link Grammar for Persian |year=2005 |website=Ohio-state.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Armin Sajadi |author2=A. Abdollahzadeh |url=http://web.cs.dal.ca/~sajadi/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/sajadi2006.pdf |title=Farsi Syntactic Analysis using Link Grammar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401052857/http://web.cs.dal.ca/~sajadi/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/sajadi2006.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-01 |language=fa |journal=Letter of Research Center of Intelligent Signal Processing |volume=1 |number=9 |pages=25–37 |year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=A. Sajadi |author2=M. Homayounpour |title=Representation of Farsi Morphological Knowledge using Link Grammar |language=fa |journal=Letter of Research Center of Intelligent Signal Processing |volume=1 |number=9 |pages=41–55 |year=2006}}</ref>

  +-----S-----+
  |     +--O--+
  |     |     |
 man   nAn xordam

VSO order can be likewise accommodated, such as for Arabic.<ref>{{cite conference |author1=Warren Casbeer |author2=Jon Dehdari |author3=Deryle Lonsdale |url=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~jonsafari/papers/casbeer-etal2007_preprint.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512101153/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~jonsafari/papers/casbeer-etal2007_preprint.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-12 |title=A Link Grammar parser for Arabic |conference=Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics: Papers from the annual symposium on Arabic linguistics |volume=XX |place=Kalamazoo, Michigan |date=March 2006}}</ref>

=== Example 3 (morphology) ===
In many languages with a concatenative morphology, the stem plays no grammatical role; the grammar is determined by the suffixes.  Thus, in [[Russian language|Russian]], the sentence 'вверху плыли редкие облачка' might have the parse:<ref>Документация по [http://www.abisource.com/projects/link-grammar/russian/doc/ связям] и по [http://www.abisource.com/projects/link-grammar/russian/doc/morph/ классам слов] доступна.</ref><ref>[http://slashzone.ru/parser/ Грамматика связей (Link Grammar)]</ref>

     +------------Wd-----------+---------------SIp---------------+
     |         +-------EI------+              +--------Api-------+
     |         |      +--LLCZD-+       +-LLAQZ+         +--LLCAO-+
     |         |      |        |       |      |         |        |
 LEFT-WALL вверху.e плы.= =ли.vnndpp ре.= =дкие.api облачк.= =а.ndnpi

The subscripts, such as '.vnndpp', are used to indicate the grammatical category.  The primary links: Wd, EI, SIp and Api connect together the suffixes, as, in principle, other stems could appear here, without altering the structure of the sentence. The Api link indicates the adjective; SIp denotes subject-verb inversion; EI is a modifier. The Wd link is used to indicate the head noun; the head verb is not indicated in this sentence.  The LLXXX links serve only to attach stems to suffixes.

=== Example 4 (phonology) ===
The link-grammar can also indicate [[Phonology|phonological agreement]] between neighboring words. For example:

                      +---------Ost--------+
     +------>WV------>+   +------Ds**x-----+
     +----Wd---+-Ss*b-+   +--PHv-+----A----+
     |         |      |   |      |         |
 LEFT-WALL that.j-p is.v an abstract.a concept.n

Here, the connector 'PH' is used to constrain the determiners that can appear before the word 'abstract'. It effectively blocks (makes it costly) to use the determiner 'a' in this sentence, while the link to 'an' becomes cheap.  The other links are roughly as in previous examples: S denoting subject, O denoting object, D denoting determiner. The 'WV' link indicates the head verb, and the 'W' link indicates the head noun.  The lower-case letters following the upper-case link types serve to refine the type; so for example, Ds can only connect to a singular noun; Ss only to a singular subject, Os to a singular object.  The lower-case v in PHv denotes 'vowel'; the lower-case d in Wd denotes a declarative sentence.

=== Example 5 (Vietnamese) ===
The [[Vietnamese language]] sentence "Bữa tiệc hôm qua là một thành công lớn" - "The party yesterday was a great success" may be parsed as follows:<ref>Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương, Nguyễn Thúc Hải, Nguyễn Thanh Thủy "[http://vjs.ac.vn/index.php/jcc/article/view/1451 Parsing complex - compound sentences with an extension of Vietnamese link parser combined with discourse segmenter]" ''Journal of Computer Science and Cybernetics'', Vol '''28''', No 4 (2012)</ref>

[[Image:Vietnames link grammar example.png]]