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===Inventions and innovations=== [[File:Liverpool School Tropical Medical School 3.JPG|thumb|left |The [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]], the first such school in the world]] Liverpool has been a centre of invention and innovation. Railways, transatlantic [[steamship]]s, municipal trams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/periods_styles/19thcentury/steam/other_transport/index.html|title=Victoria and Albert Museum. London|publisher=Vam.ac.uk|date=1 June 2005|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316194133/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/periods_styles/19thcentury/steam/other_transport/index.html|archive-date=16 March 2010}}</ref> and electric trains were all pioneered in Liverpool as modes of mass transit. In 1829 and 1836, the first railway tunnels in the world were constructed under Liverpool ([[Wapping Tunnel]]). From 1950 to 1951, the world's first scheduled passenger helicopter service ran between Liverpool and [[Cardiff]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagwell|first=Philip Sidney|title=Transport in Britain 1750–2000|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcY5PkqeqgIC&q=helicopter+1950+liverpool+cardiff&pg=PA170|isbn=978-1-85285-590-1}}</ref> The first [[Royal School for the Blind (Liverpool)|School for the Blind]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsblind.com/#/history/4559365884|title=Royal School for the Blind, Liverpool|publisher=Rsblind.org.uk|date=12 March 1999|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509201744/http://www.rsblind.com/#/history/4559365884|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mechanics' Institutes|Mechanics' Institute]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXZKAAAAYAAJ&dq=liverpool+mechanics+july+1823&pg=PA152 ''Speeches of Henry, Lord Brougham''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906100006/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXZKAAAAYAAJ&dq=liverpool+mechanics+july+1823&pg=PA152 |date=6 September 2023 }}, Vol. II, 1841, Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia</ref> High School for Girls,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bisson|first=Frederick|title=Our schools and colleges|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall|location=London|year=1884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcNJZAcjHQwC&q=girls+school+1844+liverpool+first}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dickens.classicauthors.net/speeches/speeches7.html|title=Charles Dickens, speech, 26 Feb, 1844|publisher=Dickens.classicauthors.net|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704081557/https://dickens.classicauthors.net/speeches/speeches7.html|archive-date=4 July 2010}}</ref> council house,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottiepress.org.uk/projects/martinplq.htm|title=The Scottie Press|publisher=The Scottie Press|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303172146/http://www.scottiepress.org.uk/projects/martinplq.htm|archive-date=3 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Juvenile Court<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adler|first=N|title=The work of Juvenile Courts|journal=Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law|volume=7|issue=4|series=Third Series, Vol.7, No.4|pages=217–227|year=1925|jstor=753176}}</ref> were all founded in Liverpool. Charities such as the [[RSPCA]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Garner|first=Robert|title=Animals, politics, and morality|publisher=University Press|location=Manchester|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSK8AAAAIAAJ&q=liverpool+rspca+wanton-cruelty&pg=PA41|isbn=978-0-7190-3575-3}}</ref> [[NSPCC]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hendrick|first=Harry|title=Child welfare and social policy – an essential reader|publisher=The Policy Press|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYr7CllxrLUC&q=nspcc+liverpool+first&pg=PA37|isbn=978-1-86134-566-0}}</ref> [[Age Concern]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Derren|last=Hayes|url=http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/01/01/110282/liverpool-pss-planting-the-seed-of-modern-social-work.html|title=communitycare.co.uk|publisher=communitycare.co.uk|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818163026/http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/01/01/110282/liverpool-pss-planting-the-seed-of-modern-social-work.html|archive-date=18 August 2009}}</ref> [[Relate]], and [[Citizen's Advice Bureau]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Jackie|last=Rand|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/politics_show/8022549.stm|title=BBC Politics Show, 1 May 2009|publisher=BBC News|date=1 May 2009|access-date=3 August 2010}}</ref> all evolved from work in the city. The first [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]] station, public bath and wash-house,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wohl|first=Anthony S.|title=Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5kOAAAAQAAJ&q=public+baths+liverpool+rathbone&pg=PA73|isbn=978-0-416-37950-1}}</ref> sanitary act,<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2092966|page=298|volume=1|issue=4545|journal=Br Med J|title=The First M.O.H|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4545.298-a|year=1948|last=Brockington|first=C. F}}</ref> medical officer for health ([[William Henry Duncan]]), district nurse, [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dennis|first=Richard|title=English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century: A Social Geography|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQQQ5Dq9RWgC&q=liverpool+first+slum+clearance&pg=PA167|isbn=978-0-521-33839-4|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163331/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQQQ5Dq9RWgC&q=liverpool+first+slum+clearance&pg=PA167#v=snippet&q=liverpool%20first%20slum%20clearance&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> purpose-built ambulance,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lmi.org.uk/ambulance_merseyside.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102900/http://www.lmi.org.uk/ambulance_merseyside.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2011|title=Liverpool Medical Institution|publisher=Lmi.org.uk|access-date=3 August 2010}}</ref> X-ray medical diagnosis,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peltier|first=Leonard F.|title=Fractures: a history and iconography of their treatment|publisher=Norman Publishing|year=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBfBd5BdEwC&q=first+x-ray+1896+lodge+liverpool&pg=PA227|isbn=978-0-930405-16-8|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163426/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBfBd5BdEwC&q=first+x-ray+1896+lodge+liverpool&pg=PA227#v=snippet&q=first%20x-ray%201896%20lodge%20liverpool&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> school of tropical medicine ([[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]]), motorised municipal fire-engine,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wallington|first=Neil|title=One Hundred Years of the British Fire Engine|publisher=Jeremy Mills Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LZain9YBTkC&q=fire-engine+motorised+liverpool+1901&pg=PA9|isbn=978-1-906600-30-3|year=2008|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163336/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LZain9YBTkC&q=fire-engine+motorised+liverpool+1901&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> free school meal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/mol/collections/liverpoollives/jessie_reid_crosbie.aspx|title=National Museums, Liverpool|publisher=Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607163458/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/mol/collections/liverpoollives/jessie_reid_crosbie.aspx|archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> cancer research centre,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/91322.stm BBC News] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107000250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/91322.stm |date=7 November 2015 }} 12 May 1998</ref> and [[zoonosis]] research centre<ref>[http://www.liv.ac.uk/news/press_releases/2006/02/zoonosis.htm Liverpool University] press release, 22 February 2006</ref> all originated in Liverpool. The first British Nobel Prize was awarded in 1902 to [[Ronald Ross]], professor at the School of Tropical Medicine, the first school of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/lstm/about/history_of_the_school.htm|title=Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine|publisher=Liv.ac.uk|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=31 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831103320/http://www.liv.ac.uk/lstm/about/history_of_the_school.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Orthopaedic surgery]] was pioneered in Liverpool by [[Hugh Owen Thomas]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Liverpool's Contributions to Medicine|author=Lord Cohen of Birkenhead|author-link=Henry Cohen, 1st Baron Cohen of Birkenhead|journal=[[BMJ]]|date=10 April 1965|issue=5440|pages=945–948|pmc=2165718|pmid=14260621|volume=1|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5440.945}}</ref> and modern medical anaesthetics by [[Thomas Cecil Gray]]. The world's first integrated [[History of water supply and sanitation|sewer system]] was constructed in Liverpool by [[James Newlands]], appointed in 1847 as the UK's first borough engineer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Girling|first=Richard|title=Rubbish!: Dirt on Our Hands And Crisis Ahead|publisher=Random House|location=London|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWplmVrFxacC&q=james-newlands+sewers+liverpool+first+world&pg=PT15|isbn=9781446436943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Geher|first=Robert|title=Complexity and Public Policy: A New Approach to 21st Century Politics, Policy And Society|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ik66g-HflKIC&q=james-newlands+sewers+liverpool+first+world&pg=PA95|isbn=9780415556620}}</ref> Liverpool also founded the UK's first [[Underwriting|Underwriters']] Association<ref>{{Cite book|title=125 years of the International Union of Marine Insurance|publisher=Verlag Versicherungswirtsch|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdVOPhSMsvMC&q=world+liverpool-underwriters+association+oldest+OR+first+1802+OR+1803&pg=PR7|access-date=14 July 2009|isbn=9783884877760}}</ref> and the first [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|Institute of Accountants]]. The Western world's first financial derivatives (cotton futures) were traded on the [[International Cotton Association|Liverpool Cotton Exchange]] in the late 1700s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Professional Risk Managers' Guide to Financial Markets|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upN4A6jOpkoC&q=futures+cotton+derivative+liverpool+rice&pg=PA126|access-date=14 July 2009|first1=Carol|last1=Alexander|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Sheedy|isbn=978-0-07-154648-5|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163913/https://books.google.com/books?id=upN4A6jOpkoC&q=futures+cotton+derivative+liverpool+rice&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Oriel Chambers - geograph.org.uk - 530888.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oriel Chambers]], the first "modern" building in the world with its iron-framed [[Curtain wall (architecture)|curtain-wall]]]] In the arts, Liverpool was home to the first lending library ([[The Lyceum, Liverpool|The Lyceum]]), athenaeum society ([[Liverpool Athenaeum]]), arts centre ([[Bluecoat Chambers]]),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7397702.stm|title=BBC news, 13 May 2008|publisher=BBC News|date=13 May 2008|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=17 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7397702.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and public art conservation centre ([[National Conservation Centre]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/mw189|title=Culture 24|publisher=Culture 24|date=26 November 2006|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515045216/https://www.culture24.org.uk/mw189|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also home to the UK's oldest surviving classical orchestra ([[Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra]])<ref>{{Citation|last1=Henley|first1=Darren|last2=McKernan|first2=Vincent|year=2009|title=The Original Liverpool Sound: The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society|location=Liverpool|page=68|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-84631-224-3}}</ref> and repertory theatre ([[Liverpool Playhouse]]).<ref>{{Citation|last1=Hartnoll|first1=Phyllis|last2=Found|first2=Peter|year=1996|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-282574-2|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192825742.001.0001|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordcom0000unse}}</ref> In 1864, [[Peter Ellis (architect)|Peter Ellis]] built the world's first iron-framed, [[Curtain wall (architecture)|curtain-walled]] office building, [[Oriel Chambers]], which was a prototype of the skyscraper. The UK's first purpose-built department store was [[Compton House, Liverpool|Compton House]], completed in 1867 for the retailer J.R. Jeffrey.<ref>''Pevsner Architectural Guides: Liverpool'', Joseph Sharples, 2004, Yale University Press</ref> It was the largest store in the world at the time.<ref>''Black's Guide to Liverpool and Birkenhead'', 1871, Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh</ref> [[File:Lewis's, Liverpool 2018-2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|[[Lewis's]] department store on Ranelagh Street. In 1879, the [[Santa's workshop|Christmas grotto]] was conceived in the store.]] Between 1862 and 1867, Liverpool held an annual [[Olympic Games#Forerunners|Grand Olympic Festival]]. Devised by [[John Hulley]] and [[Charles Pierre Melly]], these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook.<ref>George R. Matthews (2005). ''America's First Olympics: The St. Louis Games of 1904'' University of Missouri Press {{ISBN|978-0-8262-1588-8 }}</ref><ref>Ingomar Weiler (2004). "The predecessors of the Olympic movement, and Pierre de Coubertin", ''European Review,'' Vol. 12, No. 3, Cambridge University Press</ref> The programme of the first modern Olympiad in [[Athens]] in 1896 was almost identical to that of the Liverpool Olympics.<ref>Craig Reedie, Jim Parry, Vassil Girginov (2005). ''The Olympic Games Explained: A Student Guide to the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Games,'' Routledge {{ISBN|978-0-415-34604-7 }}</ref> In 1865, Hulley co-founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool, a forerunner of the [[British Olympic Association]]. Its articles of foundation provided the framework for the [[Olympic Charter]]. A concept devised by retail entrepreneur [[David Lewis (English merchant)|David Lewis]], the first [[Santa's workshop|Christmas grotto]] opened in [[Lewis's]] department store in Liverpool in 1879.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liverpool's record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/liverpools-record-breaking-christmas-grotto-25517874|access-date=16 April 2024|work=Liverpool Echo|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226182024/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/liverpools-record-breaking-christmas-grotto-25517874|url-status=live}}</ref> Sir [[Alfred Lewis Jones]], a shipowner, introduced bananas to the UK via Liverpool's docks in 1884.<ref>{{cite ODNB|last=Read|first=J. Gordon|chapter=Jones, Sir Alfred Lewis (1845–1909), shipping entrepreneur and colonial magnate|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|date=23 September 2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34222}}</ref> The [[Mersey Railway]], opened in 1886, incorporated the world's first tunnel under a tidal [[estuary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/l/liverpool_central_ll/|title=Disused Stations: Liverpool Central Low Level Station|website=Disused-stations.org.uk|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226181807/http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/l/liverpool_central_ll/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's first deep-level underground stations ([[Liverpool James Street railway station]]). [[File:Bessie Braddock 1899 - 1970 Labour politician and campaigner lived here 1945 - 1970.jpg|thumb|upright|Liverpool was the first city outside London to be chosen to have an official [[Blue plaque]] and now has the largest number outside London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Take a Blue Plaque tour of the homes of Liverpool's most notable residents|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/blue-plaque-tour-liverpool-history-12606938|access-date=26 September 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=15 February 2017|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926173819/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/blue-plaque-tour-liverpool-history-12606938|url-status=live}}</ref>]] In 1889, borough engineer [[John Alexander Brodie]] invented the football goal net. He was also a pioneer in the use of [[pre-fabricated]] housing<ref>{{cite book|last=Hogan-O'Neill|first=William|title=Prefabricated and Modular Architecture: Aligning Design with Manufacture and Assembly|date=22 February 2021|publisher=The Crowood Press|isbn=978-1-78500-807-8|page=313|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f90NEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT313|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184737/https://books.google.com/books?id=f90NEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT313|url-status=live}}</ref> and oversaw the construction of the UK's first ring road ([[A5058 road|A5058]]) and intercity highway ([[East Lancashire Road]]), as well as the [[Queensway Tunnel]] linking Liverpool and [[Birkenhead]]. Described as "the eighth wonder of the world" at the time of its construction, it was the longest underwater tunnel in the world for 24 years. In 1897, the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] filmed Liverpool,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_i5ApsjD46o Liverpool Scenes 1896/1897] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028081858/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_i5ApsjD46o |date=28 October 2009 }} ''YouTube''</ref> including what is believed to be the world's first [[tracking shot]],<ref>[http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/News/newsdetail_2754.asp Liverpool City Council]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} News, 14 October 2008</ref> taken from the [[Liverpool Overhead Railway]], the world's first elevated electrified railway. The Overhead Railway was the first railway in the world to use [[electric multiple unit]]s, employ automatic signalling, and install an escalator. Liverpool inventor [[Frank Hornby]] was a visionary in toy development and manufacture, producing three of the most popular lines of toys in the 20th century: [[Meccano]], [[Hornby Model Railways]] (both in 1901), and [[Dinky Toys]] in 1934.<ref>{{cite news|last=Matilda|first=Battersby|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-doodle-celebrates-visionary-toy-maker-frank-hornbys-150-birthday-8616721.html|title=Google Doodle celebrates visionary toy maker Frank Hornby's 150 birthday|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 May 2013|access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref> The [[British Interplanetary Society]], founded in Liverpool in 1933 by Phillip Ellaby Cleator, is the world's oldest existing organisation devoted to the promotion of [[spaceflight]]. Its journal, the ''[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]]'', is the longest-running astronautical publication in the world.<ref>[http://www.historytoday.com/nigel-watson/reaching-stars "Reaching for the Stars"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116043845/https://www.historytoday.com/nigel-watson/reaching-stars |date=16 November 2018 }}, ''[[History Today]],'' Volume: 63 Issue: 1 2013</ref> In 1999, Liverpool was the first city outside London to be awarded [[blue plaques]] by [[English Heritage]] in recognition of the "significant contribution made by its sons and daughters in all walks of life".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/353286.stm BBC News] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107000305/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/353286.stm |date=7 November 2015 }}, 26 May 1999</ref>
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