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Macaronic language
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===Prose=== Macaronic text is still used by modern Italian authors, e.g. by [[Carlo Emilio Gadda]] and [[Beppe Fenoglio]]. Other examples are provided by the character Salvatore in [[Umberto Eco]]'s ''[[The Name of the Rose]]'', and the peasant hero of his ''[[Baudolino]]''. [[Dario Fo]]'s ''[[Mistero Buffo]]'' ("''Comic Mystery Play''") features [[grammelot]] sketches using language with macaronic elements. The 2001 novel ''[[The Last Samurai (novel)|The Last Samurai]]'' by [[Helen DeWitt]]<ref name="lastsam">DeWitt, Helen. ''The Last Samurai'' (Chatto and Windus, 2000: {{ISBN|0-7011-6956-7}}; Vintage, 2001: {{ISBN|0-09-928462-6}})</ref> includes portions of Japanese, [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]], and [[Inuktitut]], although the reader is not expected to understand the passages that are not in English. Macaronic games are used by the literary group [[Oulipo]] in the form of interlinguistic [[homophonic transformation]]: replacing a known phrase with homophones from another language. The archetypal example is by [[François Le Lionnais]], who transformed [[John Keats]]' "A thing of beauty is a joy forever" into "Un singe de beauté est un jouet pour l'hiver": 'A monkey of beauty is a toy for the winter'.<ref name="genette">{{cite book|title=Palimpsests |first1=Gérard |last1=Genette |author-link=Gérard Genette |first2=Channa |last2=Newman |first3=Claude |last3=Doubinsky |date=January 1997 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KbYzNp94C9oC&pg=PA40 40–41] |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=0803270291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbYzNp94C9oC}}</ref> Another example is the book ''[[Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames: The d'Antin Manuscript]]''. Macaronisms figure prominently in ''[[The Trilogy]]'' by the [[Poland|Polish]] novelist [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], and are one of the major compositional principles for James Joyce's novel ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''. In [[Michael Flynn (writer)|Michael Flynn]]'s science fiction novels of the Spiral Arm series, a massive interplanetary exodus from all Earth language groups has led to star system settlements derived from random language and culture admixtures. At the time of the novels' setting, several hundred years later, each planet has developed a macaronic pidgin, several of which are used for all the dialogs in the books. The Reverend [[Fergus Butler-Gallie]]'s second book bears a cross-lingual pun as its title, ''Priests de la Résistance''.
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