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Mari language
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=== Consonants === Consonants are shown in Cyrillic, Latin, and the [[help:IPA|IPA]]: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]] ! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |- class=small ! plain ! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | /{{IPAlink|m}}/<br>'''м/m''' | | /{{IPAlink|n}}/<br>'''н/n''' | | | /{{IPAlink|ɲ}}/<br>'''н(ь)/n(’)'''<sup>2</sup> | /{{IPAlink|ŋ}}/<br>'''ҥ'''<sup>3</sup>'''/ŋ''' |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] ! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | /{{IPAlink|p}}/<br>'''п/p''' | | /{{IPAlink|t}}/<br>'''т/t''' | /{{IPAlink|tʲ}}/<sup>1</sup><br>'''т(ь)/t'[ť]'''<sup>2</sup> | | | /{{IPAlink|k}}/<br>'''к/k''' |- ! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | /{{IPAlink|b}}/<br>'''б/b''' | | /{{IPAlink|d}}/<br>'''д/d''' | | | | /{{IPAlink|ɡ}}/<br>'''г/g''' |- ! colspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | | | /{{IPAlink|ts}}/<sup>1</sup><br>'''ц/c''' | | /{{IPAlink|tʃ}}/<br>'''ч/č''' | | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! <small>voiceless</small> | /{{IPAlink|f}}/<sup>1</sup><br>'''ф/f''' | | /{{IPAlink|s}}/<br>'''с/s''' | | /{{IPAlink|ʃ}}/<br>'''ш/š''' | | /{{IPAlink|x}}/<sup>1</sup><br>'''х/h''' |- ! <small>voiced</small> | ({{IPAlink|β}})<sup>4</sup><br>'''в/v''' | ({{IPAlink|ð}})<sup>4</sup><br>'''д/d''' | /{{IPAlink|z}}/<br>'''з/z''' | | /{{IPAlink|ʒ}}/<br>'''ж/ž''' | | ({{IPAlink|ɣ}})<sup>4</sup><br>'''г/g''' |- ! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] | | | /{{IPAlink|r}}/ (or /{{IPAlink|ɾ}}/)<br>'''р/r''' | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] ! <small>central</small> | | | | | | /{{IPAlink|j}}/<br>'''й/j''' | |- ! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> | | | /{{IPAlink|l}}/<br>'''л/l''' | | | /{{IPAlink|ʎ}}/<br>'''л(ь)/l(ľ)'''<sup>2</sup> | |} # Only in Russian loanwords, in Hill Mari also onomatopoeia and Chuvashian loanwords. # Palatalisation is marked in different ways. A {{angle bracket|у}} following a palatalised consonant is written as {{angle bracket|ю}}, and {{angle bracket|а}} following a palatalised consonant is written as {{angle bracket|я}}. If the vowel following a palatalised consonant is an е or an и, palatalisation is not marked at all. In other cases, the [[soft sign]] ь is used to mark palatalisation. # The modified Cyrillic letter for the velar nasal ({{IPA|ŋ}}) combines the Cyrillic letter {{angle bracket|Н н}} with and {{angle bracket|Г г}}, where the rightmost post of Н is conflated with the vertical post of {{angle bracket|Г}}: {{angle bracket|Ҥ, ҥ}}. Although Hill Mari has this sound too, this character is only used in Meadow Mari. # In Russian loanwords and after nasals, {{IPA|/b d ɡ/}} are voiced stops. Word-finally and before a consonant, there is free variation between voiced fricatives ({{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}}) and voiceless stops {{IPA|[p t k]}}.
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