Editing Materialism (section)

====Modern philosophy<!--'Anthropological materialism' and 'German materialism' redirect here-->====

[[File:Lucretius pointing to the casus.jpg|thumb|upright|Atomists proposed that the universe consists of atoms moving in space. ''[[De rerum natura|Of the Nature of Things]]'' by [[Lucretius]], 1682.]]
In France, [[Pierre Gassendi]] (1592–1665)<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gassendi/ Pierre Gassendi (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref> represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of [[René Descartes]] (1596–1650) to provide the [[natural sciences]] with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and [[atheism|atheist]] ''abbé'' [[Jean Meslier]] (1664–1729), along with the [[French materialism|French materialists]]: [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]] (1709–1751), [[Denis Diderot]] (1713–1784), [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]] (1714–1780), [[Claude Adrien Helvétius]] (1715–1771), German-French [[Baron d'Holbach]] (1723–1789), and other French [[The Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thinkers.<ref name="Mahan Friedrich 2003 p. 588">{{cite book | last1=Mahan | first1=A. | last2=Friedrich | first2=R. | title=A Critical History of Philosophy | publisher=Salem Publishing Solutions | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-59160-363-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfxPkYVpLqoC&pg=PA588 | access-date=2024-04-07 | pages=587–589}}</ref>

In England, materialism was developed in the philosophies of [[Francis Bacon]] (1561–1626), [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588–1679),<ref name=SEP>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes/ Thomas Hobbes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)],</ref> and [[John Locke]] (1632–1704).<ref name="Henry 2012 p. 24">{{cite book | last=Henry | first=John F. | title=The Making of Neoclassical Economics (Routledge Revivals) | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-81053-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkCRxNmxfFYC&pg=PA24 | access-date=2024-04-07 | pages=23–25}}</ref> [[Scottish Enlightenment]] philosopher [[David Hume]] (1711–1776) became one of the most important materialist philosophers in the 18th century.<ref name="Brown Ladyman 2019 p.">{{cite book | last1=Brown | first1=Robin | last2=Ladyman | first2=James | title=Materialism: A Historical and Philosophical Inquiry | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-53537-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QqWDwAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref>  [[John "Walking" Stewart]] (1747–1822) believed matter has a [[moral]] dimension, which had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of [[William Wordsworth]] (1770–1850).

In [[late modern philosophy]], German atheist [[anthropologist]] [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] signaled a new turn in materialism in his 1841 book ''[[The Essence of Christianity]]'', which presented a [[Humanism|humanist]] account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach introduced '''anthropological materialism''',<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> a version of materialism that views materialist anthropology as the [[universal science]].<ref>[[Axel Honneth]], [[Hans Joas]], ''Social Action and Human Nature'', Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 18.</ref>

Feuerbach's variety of materialism heavily influenced [[Karl Marx]],<ref>Nicholas Churchich, ''Marxism and Alienation'', Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990, p. 57: "Although Marx has rejected Feuerbach's abstract materialism," Lenin says that Feuerbach's views "are consistently materialist," implying that Feuerbach's conception of causality is entirely in line with dialectical materialism."</ref> who in the late 19th century elaborated the concept of [[historical materialism]]—the basis for what Marx and [[Friedrich Engels]] outlined as ''[[scientific socialism]]'':

{{Blockquote|text=The materialist conception of history starts from the proposition that the production of the means to support human life and, next to production, the exchange of things produced, is the basis of all social structure; that in every society that has appeared in history, the manner in which wealth is distributed and society divided into classes or orders is dependent upon what is produced, how it is produced, and how the products are exchanged. From this point of view, the final causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought, not in men's brains, not in men's better insights into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the modes of production and exchange. They are to be sought, not in the philosophy, but in the economics of each particular epoch.|author=Friedrich Engels|source=''Socialism: Scientific and Utopian'' (1880)}}

Through his ''[[Dialectics of Nature]]'' (1883), Engels later developed a "materialist dialectic" [[philosophy of nature]], a worldview that [[Georgi Plekhanov]], the father of Russian [[Marxism]], called ''[[dialectical materialism]]''.<ref>see Plekhanov, Georgi: 1891. "For the Sixtieth Anniversary of Hegel's Death;" 1893. ''Essays on the History of Materialism''; and 1895. ''[[The Development of the Monist View of History]]''.</ref> In early 20th-century [[Russian philosophy]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] further developed dialectical materialism in his 1909 book ''[[Materialism and Empirio-criticism]]'', which connects his opponents' political conceptions to their anti-materialist philosophies.

A more [[Metaphysical naturalism|naturalist]]-oriented materialist school of thought that developed in the mid-19th century was '''German materialism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->, which included [[Ludwig Büchner]] (1824–1899), the Dutch-born [[Jacob Moleschott]] (1822–1893), and [[Carl Vogt]] (1817–1895),<ref>[[Owen Chadwick|Chadwick, Owen]]. 1990. ''The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century''. Cambridge University Press.

'''p. 165''': "During the 1850s German...scientists conducted a controversy known...as the materialistic controversy. It was specially associated with the names of Vogt, Moleschott and Büchner."

'''p. 173''': "Frenchmen were surprised to see Büchner and Vogt.... [T]he French were surprised at German materialism."</ref><ref>''[[The Nineteenth Century and After]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=8-VXAAAAIAAJ&q= Vol. 151]. 1952. p. 227: "the Continental materialism of Moleschott and Buchner<!--[sic]-->."</ref> even though they had different views on core issues such as the evolution and the origins of life.<ref>[[Andreas Daum|Andreas W. Daum]], ''Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914''. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998, pp. 210, 293–99.</ref>