Editing Maternal effect (section)

== Paternal effect genes ==

In contrast, a '''paternal effect''' is when a phenotype results from the genotype of the father, rather than the genotype of the individual.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yasuda GK, Schubiger G, Wakimoto BT | title = Genetic characterization of ms (3) K81, a paternal effect gene of Drosophila melanogaster | journal = Genetics | volume = 140 | issue = 1 | pages = 219–29 | date = May 1995 | doi = 10.1093/genetics/140.1.219 | pmid = 7635287 | pmc = 1206549 | url = http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/140/1/219 }}</ref> The genes responsible for these effects are components of [[sperm]] that are involved in [[fertilization]] and early development.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Fitch KR, Yasuda GK, Owens KN, Wakimoto BT | title = Paternal effects in Drosophila: implications for mechanisms of early development | chapter = 1 Paternal Effects in Drosophila: Implications for Mechanisms of Early Development | volume = 38 | pages = 1–34 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9399075 | doi = 10.1016/S0070-2153(08)60243-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/currenttopicsind0000scha_h8k5/page/1 | isbn = 9780121531386 | series = Current Topics in Developmental Biology }}</ref> An example of a paternal-effect gene is the ms(3)sneaky in ''Drosophila''. Males with a mutant [[allele]] of this gene produce sperm that are able to fertilize an egg, but the sneaky-inseminated eggs do not develop normally. However, females with this mutation produce eggs that undergo normal development when fertilized.<ref name="pmid9630751">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fitch KR, Wakimoto BT | title = The paternal effect gene ms(3)sneaky is required for sperm activation and the initiation of embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 197 | issue = 2 | pages = 270–82 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9630751 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.1997.8852 | doi-access = free }}</ref>