Editing Microscopic scale (section)

== Uses ==
[[File:Animal forensics beweise objektträger.jpg|thumb|221x221px|Slides with preserved pieces of hair under the coverslip. These samples were microscopically analysed for their condition, followed by DNA analysis, as a part of an animal forensics investigation.]]

=== Forensics ===
During forensic investigations, [[trace evidence]] from crime scenes such as blood, fingerprints and fibres can be closely examined under microscopes, even to the extent of determining the age of a trace. Along with other specimens, biological traces can be used to accurately identify individuals present at a location, down to cells found in their blood.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Saadat |first1=Saeida |title=Microscopy for Forensic Investigations |date=2020-10-19 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527827688.ch6 |work=Technology in Forensic Science |pages=101–127 |editor-last=Rawtani |editor-first=Deepak |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9783527827688.ch6 |isbn=978-3-527-34762-9 |access-date=2022-05-12 |last2=Pandey |first2=Gaurav |last3=Tharmavaram |first3=Maithri |s2cid=224974498 |editor2-last=Hussain |editor2-first=Chaudhery Mustansar|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Gemology ===
When the monetary value of gems is determined, various professions in [[gemology]] require systematic observation of the microscopic physical and optical properties of gemstones.<ref name="International Gem Society">{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Gemology |url=https://www.gemsociety.org/article/an-introduction-to-gemology/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=International Gem Society |language=en}}</ref> This can involve the use of stereo microscopes to evaluate these qualities, to eventually determine the value of each individual jewel or gemstone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gemological Microscope Australia |url=https://www.saxon.com.au/microscopes/microscope-types/gemological-microscopes.html#:~:text=Gemological |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.saxon.com.au}}</ref> This can be done similarly in evaluations of gold and other metals.<ref name="International Gem Society" />

=== Infrastructure ===

When assessing road materials, the microscopic composition of the [[infrastructure]] is vital in determining the longevity and safety of the road, and the different requirements of varying locations. As chemical properties such as water permeability, structural stability and [[Thermal resistance|heat resistance]] affect the performance of different materials used in pavement mixes, they are taken into consideration when building for roads according to the traffic, weather, supply and budget in that area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=Road materials under the microscope |url=https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2021/02/23/road-materials-under-the-microscope/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Infrastructure Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Medicine ===

[[File:Gross pathology and histopathology of signet ring cell carcinoma metastasis to the ovary.jpg|thumb|A sample can be cross-sectioned from these ovary Krukenberg tumours to microscopically observe their histopathological appearance. Under the different magnification levels, a microscope can zoom in on the invasive proliferation of signet-ring cells with a desmoplastic stroma.<ref>{{Citation |last=Koichi |first=Nakamura, Yoshiaki; Hiramatsu, Ayako; Koyama, Takafumi; Oyama, Yu; Tanaka, Ayuko; Honma |title=English: Signet ring cell carcinoma metastasis to the ovary, also called Krukenberg tumor: Gross pathology (top, cross-section at right) and histopathology at low (×100) and high (×200) magnification, with H&E stain. The latter shows invasive proliferation of signet-ring cells with a desmoplastic stroma. |date=2014-10-16 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gross_pathology_and_histopathology_of_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_metastasis_to_the_ovary.jpg |access-date=2022-05-27}}</ref>]]

In [[medicine]], diagnoses can be made with the assistance of microscopic observation of patient [[Biopsy|biopsies]], such as cancer cells. [[Pathology]] and [[cytology]] reports include a microscopic description, which consists of analyses performed using microscopes, histochemical stains or [[flow cytometry]]. These methods can determine the structure of the diseased tissue and the severity of the disease, and early detection is possible through identification of microscopic indications of illness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What information is included in a pathology report? |url=https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/testing-biopsy-and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer/whats-in-pathology-report.html |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref>