Editing Monocyte (section)

===Differentiation into other effector cells===
Monocytes can migrate into tissues and replenish resident [[macrophage]] populations. Macrophages have a high antimicrobial and phagocytic activity and thereby protect tissues from foreign substances. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm, and many internal [[Vesicle (biology)|vesicles]] for processing foreign material. Although they can be derived from monocytes, a large proportion is already formed prenatally in the [[yolk sac]] and foetal liver.<ref name="y275">{{cite book | last1=Murphy | first1=Kenneth | last2=Weaver | first2=Casey | title=Janeway Immunologie | chapter=Grundbegriffe der Immunologie | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg | date=2018 | pages=3–46 | isbn=978-3-662-56003-7 | pmc=7844863 | doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56004-4_1 | language=de }}</ref>

''In vitro'', monocytes can differentiate into [[dendritic cells]] by adding the cytokines [[granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor]] (GM-CSF) and [[interleukin 4]].<ref name="sallusto">{{cite journal |last1=Sallusto |first1=F |last2=Cella |first2=M |last3=Danieli |first3=C |last4=Lanzavecchia |first4=A |date=1 August 1995 |title=Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Medicine]] |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=389–400 |doi=10.1084/jem.182.2.389 |pmc=2192110 |pmid=7629501}}</ref> Such monocyte-derived cells do, however, retain the signature of monocytes in their [[transcriptome]] and they cluster with monocytes and not with bona fide dendritic cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robbins |first1=Scott H |last2=Walzer |first2=Thierry |last3=Dembélé |first3=Doulaye |last4=Thibault |first4=Christelle |last5=Defays |first5=Axel |last6=Bessou |first6=Gilles |last7=Xu |first7=Huichun |last8=Vivier |first8=Eric |last9=Sellars |first9=MacLean |last10=Pierre |first10=Philippe |last11=Sharp |first11=Franck R |date=2008 |title=Novel insights into the relationships between dendritic cell subsets in human and mouse revealed by genome-wide expression profiling |journal=[[Genome Biology]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=R17 |doi=10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r17 |pmc=2395256 |pmid=18218067 |last12=Chan |first12=Susan |last13=Kastner |first13=Philippe |last14=Dalod |first14=Marc |doi-access=free }}</ref>