Editing Multan (section)

===Emirate of Multan (9th and 10th century)===
{{main|Emirate of Multan}}
In the 10th&nbsp;century, the [[Bhati]] Rajput rulers near Multan as well as the Muslim Emir of Multan were eager to assist [[Jayapala]], the Hindu Shahi ruler&nbsp;of Afghanistan, because of the slave incursions into their territories by the rulers of [[Ghazni]]. However, Jayapala was unable to conquer Ghazni, and the alliance he had formed quickly fell apart.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA17 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}</ref>
====Abbasid ''Emirate''====
{{See|Anarchy at Samarra}}
By the mid-800s, the ''Banu Munabbih'' (855–959) also known as the ''Banu Sama'', who claimed descent from the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]'s [[Quraysh]] tribe came to rule Multan, and established the Emirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next century.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

The 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from Islamic [[Greater Khorasan|Kho]]<ref name="Habib" />takhri visited the area. At the time Mansura( the capital of Sindh) along with Multan were the only two major Arab principalities in South Asia. Arabic was spoken in both cities,<ref name="Flood" /> though the inhabitants of Multan were reported by Estakhri to also have been speakers of Persian, reflecting the importance of trade with Khorasan. Polyglossia rendered Multani merchants culturally well-suited for trade with the Islamic world.<ref name="Habib" />

The 10th century ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' notes that Multan's rulers were also in control of [[Lahore]],<ref name="Habib" /> though that city was then lost to the Hindu Shahi.<ref name="Habib" /> During the 10th century, Multan's rulers resided at a camp outside of the city named ''Jandrawār'', and would enter Multan once a week on the back of an elephant for Friday prayers.<ref name="Wink" />

====Ismaili ''Emirate''====
{{main|Emirate of Multan}}
Multan became capital of [[Emirate of Multan]] in 855. Al Masudi of Baghdad who visited Indus valley in 915 A.D mentioned in his book "Meadows of Gold" that it is one of the strongest frontier places of Muslims and in its neighbourhood there are a hundred and twenty thousand towns and villages".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masudi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5MrBgAAQBAJ&q=al+masudi+meadows+of+gold |title=Meadows Of Gold |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-14522-3 |language=en}}</ref>

By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the  influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled from [[Egypt]] and [[Iraq]] following their defeat at the hands of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]]s there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked [[Mecca]],<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/371782/Mecca/37835/History#ref887188 Mecca's History], from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].</ref> and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the [[Kaaba]]'s [[Black Stone]], and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.<ref>Glassé, Cyril. 2008. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369</ref>

The governor of Jhang, Umar bin Hafas, was a clandestine supporter of the Fatimid movement and the Batiniya influence spread in Southern Punjab. Then, the Qarmatians who had established contacts with the Fatimids in Egypt set up an independent dynasty in Multan and ruled the surrounding areas.<ref>Ahmad, I., & Reifeld, H. (Eds.). (2017). Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation and Conflict (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315144887
</ref>

They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih,<ref name="Osimi" /> and established the Emirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to the [[Ismaili]] [[Fatimid Dynasty]] based in Cairo.<ref name="c">{{cite book | last=Rose | first=Horace Arthur | title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province | publisher=Nirmal Publishers and Distributors | volume=1 | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-85297-68-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aw3hRAX_DgC&pg=PA489|page=489}}</ref><ref name="Habib" />
During this period, Uch and Multan remained a central pilgrimage site for Vaishnavite and Surya devotees, and their admixture with Isma’īlīsm created the Satpanth tradition. Hence, the beginning of the eleventh century witnessed a sacral and political diversity in Uch that was both unique and precarious.<ref>Asif, Manan. (2016). A Book of Conquest. Harvard University Press.</ref> The Qarmatian Ismailis opposed Hindu pilgrims worshipping the sun,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Strand|first1=Elin|last2=Marsh|first2=Adrian|author3=Paul Polansky|title=Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual, Constructed and Contested|date=2006|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|isbn=9789186884178}}</ref> and destroyed the [[Multan Sun Temple|Sun Temple]] and smashed its revered ''Aditya'' idol in the late 10th century.<ref name="Osimi">{{cite book|last1=Osimi|first1=Muhammad|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia (vol.4, part-1)|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 1992|isbn=9788120815957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&q=multan+sun+jalam+al-biruni&pg=PA297|year=1992|author1-link=Muhammad Osimi}}</ref> The Qarmatians built an [[Ismaili]] congregational mosque above the ruins to replace the city's Sunni congregational mosque that had been established by the city's early rulers.<ref name="Flood">{{cite book|last1=Flood|first1=Finbarr Barry|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691125947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Multan+sun+temple+destroyed&pg=PA155}}</ref>