Editing Multiphonic (section)

== Notation ==

Multiphonics may be notated in score in a variety of ways. When exact pitches are specified, one method of notation is simply to indicate a chord, leaving the performer to figure out what techniques are necessary to achieve it. Common on woodwind music is to specify a particular fingering underneath the required note; as different fingerings produce different qualities of sound, a composer who is concerned about the precise effect created may wish to do this. (The same fingering can cause different result on instruments from different manufacturers, due to variations in construction.) Approximate pitches may be specified by wavy lines or in [[Tone cluster|cluster]] notation to designate acceptable ranges of sound. There is, however, a wide range of notation used to designate multiphonics, with several individual composers preferring notations not in common use. Piano multiphonic notation can include, among other factors, the numbers of sounding partials or fingering distances on the string. Such notations have been developed in recent studies by C. J. Walter and J. Vesikkala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/235006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806173537/https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/235006|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 6, 2020|title=Multiphonics of the grand piano : timbral composition and performance with flageolets|publisher=University of Helsinki|last=Vesikkala|first=Juhani|date=2016}}</ref>
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