Editing Musket (section)

=== Heavy arquebus ===
The heavy [[arquebus]] known as the musket appeared in Europe by 1521.{{sfn|Arnold|2001|p=75-78}} In response to firearms, thicker armour was produced, from {{cvt|15|kg|lboz}} in the 15th century to {{cvt|25|kg|lboz}} in the late 16th century.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=916}} Armour that was {{cvt|2|mm}} thick required nearly three times as much energy to penetrate as did armour that was only {{cvt|1|mm}} thick.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=936}} During the siege of Parma in 1521, many Spanish soldiers reportedly used an "arquebus with rest", a weapon much larger and more powerful than the regular arquebus. However, at this point, long-barrelled, musket-calibre weapons had been in use as wall-defence weapons in Europe for almost a century.{{sfn|Hall|1997}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}} 

The [[musketeer]]s were the first infantry to give up armour entirely. Musketeers began to take cover behind walls or in sunken lanes and sometimes acted as [[skirmisher]]s to take advantage of their ranged weapons. In England, the musket barrel was cut down from {{cvt|4|ft|m}} to {{cvt|3|ft|m}} around 1630.<ref>C.H.Firth 1972 4th ed. ''Cromwell's Army'' p. 80</ref> The number of musketeers relative to pikemen increased partly because they were now more mobile than pikemen.<ref>E.g. in 1644, in the English Civil War the King escaping two Parliamentary armies left all his pikemen behind in his fortress of Oxford because of the need for speed. C.H.Firth 1972 4th ed. ''Cromwell's Army'' p78</ref>

Muskets of the 16th to 19th centuries were accurate enough to hit a target of {{cvt|50|cm}} in diameter at a distance of {{cvt|100|m}}. At the same distance, musket bullets could penetrate a steel bib about {{cvt|4|mm}} thick, or a wooden shield about {{cvt|130|mm}} thick. The maximum range of the bullet was {{cvt|1100 |m|yd}}. The speed of the bullets was between {{cvt|305|and|540|m/s}}, and the kinetic energy was {{cvt|1600–4000|J|ftlbf}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Krenn |first1= Peter |first2= Paul |last2=Kalaus |first3= Bert |last3=Hall |date= 1995 |title=Material Culture and Military History: Test-Firing Early Modern Small Arms |journal= Material Culture Review |volume=42 |number=1 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MCR/article/view/17669 |via=journals.lib.unb.ca }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Garry |title=Britain's Brown Bess |url=https://www.rifleshootermag.com/editorial/featured_rifles_bess_092407/83445 |website=rifleshootermag.com |date=23 September 2010 |publisher=RifleShooter}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Douglass |last2=Bohy |first2=Joel |last3=Boor |first3=Nathan |last4=Haecker |first4=Charles |last5=Rose |first5=William |last6=Severts |first6=Patrick |title=Colonial Era Firearm Bullet Performance: A Live-Fire Experimental Study for Archaeological Interpretation |journal=American Society of Arms Collectors |date=April 2017 |url=https://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/I-Roundball-Shooting-Phase-1-Report-Revised-3-20-24.pdf}}</ref>