Editing Muskox (section)

=== Recent native range in North America ===
[[File:Muskoxen with mountains and rainbow sky in the distance.jpg|thumb|Muskox at [[Cape Krusenstern National Monument]], Alaska]]
[[File:Greenland-musk-ox hg.jpg|thumb|Muskox family in east [[Greenland]]]]
In modern times, muskoxen were restricted to the Arctic areas of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. The [[Alaska]]n population was wiped out in the late 19th or early 20th century. Their depletion has been attributed to excessive hunting, but an adverse change in climate may have contributed.<ref name="AK_Muskox">{{cite web |first1=T. |last1=Smith |first2=J. |last2=Coady |first3=R. |last3=Kacyon |title=Muskox |year=2008 |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/muskoxen.php |publisher=Alaska Department of Fish and Game |access-date=2017-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001122830/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/muskoxen.php |archive-date=2009-10-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/gaar/naturescience/muskox-the-incredible-journey.htm |title=The Incredible Journey |publisher=Nps.gov |date=2010-12-28 |access-date=2011-03-03}}</ref> However, muskoxen have since been [[Reintroduction|reintroduced]] to Alaska. The [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] introduced the muskox onto [[Nunivak Island]] in 1935 to support [[Hunter-gatherer|subsistence]] living.<ref name="FWS" /> Other reintroduced populations are in [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]],<ref>https://www.fws.org/refuge/arctic/muskox.html{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Bering Land Bridge National Preserve]], [[Yukon]]'s [[Ivvavik National Park]], a [[Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center|wildlife conservation center]] in [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alaskawildlife.org/animals/musk-ox/ |title=Musk Ox – AWCC |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306155428/https://www.alaskawildlife.org/animals/musk-ox/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Aulavik National Park]] in [[Northwest Territories]], [[Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve|Gates of the Arctic National Park]], and [[Whitehorse, Yukon]]'s wildlife preserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yukonwildlife.ca/animalshabitats/ouranimals/muskoxen/ |title=Yukon Wildlife Preserve. |website=www.yukonwildlife.ca}}</ref>

There have been at least two domestication endeavours. In the 1950s, an American researcher and adventurer was able to capture muskox calves in Northern Canada for relocation to a property he prepared in Vermont.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/info/farmer/pre2001/030400k1.html |title=University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives – Fingers and needles: Alaskan co-op turns cashmere-soft musk ox wool into hard cash |access-date=26 July 2007 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191317/http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/info/farmer/pre2001/030400k1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://canadashistory.partica.online/canadas-history/the-beaver-summer-1964/flipbook/42/ {{dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wild Animals of North America |author=National Geographic Society |date=1960 |page=105}}</ref> One condition imposed by the Canadian government was that he was not allowed to kill adults defending their young.  When nets and ropes proved useless, he and his crew herded family groups into open water, where calves were successfully separated from the adults.  Once airfreighted to Montreal and trucked to Vermont, the young animals habituated to the temperate conditions.  Although the calves thrived and grew to adulthood, parasite and disease resistance problems impaired the overall success of the effort.  The surviving herd was eventually moved to a farm in [[Palmer, Alaska]], where it has been successful since the mid-1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.muskoxfarm.org/ |title=Musk Ox Farm-Gently Hand-Combed Qiviut |website=Musk Ox Farm-Gently Hand-Combed Qiviut}}</ref>