Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Nǁng language
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
===Consonants=== The majority of Nǁng consonants are [[click consonant|clicks]]. It was once thought that Khoisan languages distinguish [[velar consonant|velar]] and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] clicks, but recent research into Nǁng, and reevaluation of the data on [[ǃXóõ language|ǃXóõ]], indicates that, for these languages at least, the distinction is one of pure clicks versus click–plosive [[contour (linguistics)|contour]]s. {|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- |+Initial [[Egressive sound|pulmonic]] consonants (C1) !colspan=2| ! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ! [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]<br>[[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Pre-<br>palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- !colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPAlink|m}} | ({{IPAlink|n}}) | {{IPAlink|ɲ̟}} | | | |- !rowspan=3| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]] ! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> | {{IPAlink|pʰ}} | | {{IPAlink|c̟ʰ}} | {{IPAlink|kʰ}} | | |- ! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | {{IPAlink|p}} | | {{IPAlink|c̟}} | {{IPAlink|k}} | | {{IPAlink|ʔ}} |- ! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPAlink|b}} | | {{IPAlink|ɟ̟}} | {{IPAlink|ɡ}} | | |- ! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] ! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | {{IPAlink|pf}} | {{IPAlink|ts}} | {{IPAlink|c̟χ}} | | | |- !rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | |{{IPAlink|s}} | | |{{IPAlink|χ}} |{{IPAlink|h}} |- ! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | |{{IPAlink|z}} | | | | |} "(?)" marks possible accidental gaps;<ref name="hunters">Appel, Ariel (compiler). (2013). "We are Nǀuu hunters" "C-a ǀx'oa Nǀuu-ki".</ref> these consonants might be expected based on their occurrence in neighboring languages with similar phonologies, but are expected to be rare, and may occur in Nǁng words that have not been recorded. What were historically initial alveolar occlusives have become pre-palatal in lexical words. Among grammatical words in the western dialect there is a single exception, ''ná'' 'I'; in the eastern dialect even that has merged, for ''ɲá'' 'I'. {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |+Reduced medial consonants (C2) ! ! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |- ! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} |- ! [[Central consonant|Oral (central)]] | {{IPAlink|β}} || {{IPAlink|ɾ}} |- ! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | || {{IPAlink|l}} |} Only [[sonorant]]s may occur as the medial consonant of a phonological foot. {{IPA|/l/}} is only known from three words. The oral sonorants do not occur in initial position. {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |+ [[Ejective|Glottalic consonants]] (C1) ! ! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ! [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]<br>[[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] ! [[Pre-palatal|Pre-<br>palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |- ! [[Plosive]] | {{IPAlink|pʼ}} || || {{IPAlink|cʼ}} || {{IPAlink|kʼ}} |- ! [[Affricate]] | || {{IPAlink|t͡sʼ}} || || {{IPAlink|k͡χʼ}} |} {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |+[[Lingual ingressive|Lingual consonants]] (C1) ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | [[Labialized|Labio-]]<br>[[Uvular consonant|uvular]]!! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Denti-]]<br>[[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] !! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveo-]] [[Uvular consonant|uvular]]!! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palato-]]<br>[[Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] |- class=small ! [[central consonant|central]] || [[lateral consonant|lateral]] |- ! rowspan=3 | [[Nasal click|Nasal]] !! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPAlink|ᵑʘ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑǀ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑǃ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑǁ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑǂ}} |- ! <small>[[glottalized click|glottalized]]</small> | {{IPAlink|ᵑʘˀ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑǀˀ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑǃˀ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑǁˀ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑǂˀ}} |- ! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small> | (?) || {{IPAlink|ᵑ̊ǀʰ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑ̊ǃʰ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑ̊ǁʰ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵑ̊ǂʰ}} |- ! rowspan=3 | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] !! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPAlink|ᶢʘ}} || {{IPAlink|ᶢǀ}} || {{IPAlink|ᶢǃ}} || {{IPAlink|ᶢǁ}} || {{IPAlink|ᶢǂ}} |- ! <small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small> | {{IPAlink|ᵏʘ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵏǀ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵏǃ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵏǁ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵏǂ}} |- ! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small> | (?) || {{IPAlink|ᵏǀʰ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵏǃʰ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵏǁʰ}} || {{IPAlink|ᵏǂʰ}} |} These are simple clicks. The traditional term "velaric" is something of a misnomer, for the rear articulation is further back than the velum, and indeed further back than Nǁng {{IPA|/q/}}. Miller et al. prefer the term "lingual" for this [[airstream mechanism]]; they also reject the existence of click "accompaniments", using the IPA symbols to represent both points of articulation rather than solely the anterior articulation. Besides being motivated phonetically, this has the benefit of better illustrating the parallels between clicks and pulmonic consonants. In the above rubric, the first element of the name is the forward articulation, and the second is the rear articulation. {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |+ [[Linguo-pulmonic]] consonants ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | Labio-<br>uvular !! rowspan=2 | Denti-<br>pharyngeal !! colspan=2 | Alveo-uvular !! rowspan=2 | Palato-<br>pharyngeal |- class=small ! central || lateral |- ! rowspan=3 | Plosive !! <small>tenuis</small> | {{IPA|[[ʘ͡q]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǀ͡q]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǃ͡q]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǁ͡q]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǂ͡q]]}} |- ! <small>aspirated</small> | (?) || {{IPA|[[ǀ͡qʰ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǃ͡qʰ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǁ͡qʰ]]}} || {{[[International Phonetic Alphabet|ǂ͡qʰ]]}} |- ! <small>voiced</small> | (?) || {{IPA|[[ǀ͡ɢ]]}} || (?) || (?) || (?) |- ! colspan=2 | Affricate | {{IPA|[[ʘ͡qχ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǀ͡qχ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǃ͡qχ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǁ͡qχ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǂ͡qχ]]}} |} These are [[contour (linguistics)|airstream contour consonants]], which start off with a lingual (velaric) airstream mechanism and finish with a pulmonic airstream (whereas affricates are manner contour consonants, starting as plosives and finishing as fricatives). Traditionally, these were considered to be uvular clicks, because the uvular or pharyngeal closure is audible, but in fact the rear closure of all Nǁng clicks is uvular or pharyngeal. (The distinction between uvular and pharyngeal is not represented here.) Effectively, in these clicks the release of the rear articulation is delayed, so that there is a double release burst, the forward (lingual) release followed by the rear (pulmonic) release. {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |+ [[Linguo-glottalic]] consonants ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | Labio-<br>uvular !! rowspan=2 | Denti-<br>pharyngeal !! colspan=2 | Alveo-uvular !! rowspan=2 | Palato-<br>pharyngeal |- class=small ! central || lateral |- ! colspan=2 | Plosive | {{IPA|[[ʘ͡qʼ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǀ͡qʼ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǃ͡qʼ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǁ͡qʼ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǂ͡qʼ]]}} |- ! colspan=2 | Affricate | (?) || {{IPA|[[ǀ͡χʼ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǃ͡χʼ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǁ͡χʼ]]}} || {{IPA|[[ǂ͡χʼ]]}} |} These differ from the previous consonants in that the second, rear release is an ejective.
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)