Editing Near-Earth object (section)

=== Risk ===
{{see also|Asteroid impact prediction}}
[[File:Toutatis.jpg|thumb|Asteroid [[4179 Toutatis]], a [[potentially hazardous object]] that passed within 4 [[lunar distance (astronomy)|lunar distances]] in September 2004 and currently has a minimum possible distance of 2.5 lunar distances]]

Through human history, the [[risk]] that any near-Earth object poses has been viewed having regard to both the [[culture]] and the [[technology]] of [[human society]]. Through history, humans have associated NEOs with changing risks, based on religious, philosophical or scientific views, as well as humanity's technological or economical capability to deal with such risks.<ref name="tsr20120514">
{{cite journal |first=Luis |last=Fernández Carril |title=The evolution of near Earth objects risk perception |journal=[[The Space Review]] |date=May 14, 2012 |url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2080/1 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629205156/http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2080/1 |archive-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> Thus, NEOs have been seen as [[omen]]s of natural disasters or wars; harmless spectacles in an unchanging universe; the source of era-changing cataclysms<ref name="tsr20120514"/> or potentially poisonous fumes (during Earth's passage through the tail of Halley's Comet in 1910);<ref>{{cite news |first=Stuart |last=Clark |title=Apocalypse postponed: how Earth survived Halley's comet in 1910 |date=December 20, 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2012/dec/20/apocalypse-postponed-halley-comet |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222021944/https://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2012/dec/20/apocalypse-postponed-halley-comet |archive-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref> and finally as a possible cause of a crater-forming impact that could even cause [[extinction]] of humans and other life on Earth.<ref name="tsr20120514"/>

The potential of catastrophic impacts by near-Earth comets was recognised as soon as the first orbit calculations provided an understanding of their orbits: in 1694, Edmond Halley presented a theory that [[Genesis flood narrative|Noah's flood]] in the [[Bible]] was caused by a comet impact.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Colavito |title=Noah's Comet. Edmond Halley 1694 |work=Jasoncolavito.com |url=http://www.jasoncolavito.com/halley-on-noahs-comet.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001192755/http://www.jasoncolavito.com/halley-on-noahs-comet.html |archive-date=October 1, 2017}}</ref>

Human [[perception]] of near-Earth asteroids as benign objects of fascination or killer objects with high risk to [[human society]] has ebbed and flowed during the short time that NEAs have been scientifically observed.<ref name="wired20130323">{{cite news |first=David S. |last=Portree |title=Earth-Approaching Asteroids as Targets for Exploration (1978) |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=March 23, 2013 |quote=People in the early 21st century have been encouraged to see asteroids as the interplanetary equivalent of sea monsters. We often hear talk of "killer asteroids," when in fact there exists no conclusive evidence that any asteroid has killed anyone in all of human history. ... In the 1970s, asteroids had yet to gain their present fearsome reputation ... most astronomers and planetary scientists who made a career of studying asteroids rightfully saw them as sources of fascination, not of worry. |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/03/earth-approaching-asteroids-as-targets-for-exploration-1978/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601020647/https://www.wired.com/2013/03/earth-approaching-asteroids-as-targets-for-exploration-1978/ |archive-date=June 1, 2024}}</ref> The 1937 close approach of Hermes and the 1968 close approach of Icarus first raised impact concerns among scientists. Icarus earned significant public attention due to alarmist news reports, while Hermes was considered a threat because it was lost after its discovery; thus its orbit and potential for collision with Earth were not known precisely.<ref name="Marsden1998"/> Hermes was only re-discovered in 2003, and it is now known to be no threat for at least the next century.<ref name="RadarHermes"/>

Scientists have recognised the threat of impacts that create craters much bigger than the impacting bodies and have indirect effects on an even wider area since the 1980s, with mounting evidence for the theory that the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] (in which the non-avian dinosaurs died out) 65 million years ago was caused by a [[Chicxulub crater|large asteroid impact]].<ref name="tsr20120514"/><ref name="Chapman1998">{{cite web |first=Clark R. |last=Chapman |title=History of The Asteroid/Comet Impact Hazard |date=October 7, 1998 |publisher=Southwest Research Institute |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/ncarhist.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203022823/https://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/ncarhist.html |archive-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> On March 23, 1989, the {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} diameter Apollo asteroid [[4581 Asclepius]] (1989 FC) missed the Earth by {{convert|700,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}. If the asteroid had impacted it would have created the largest explosion in recorded history, equivalent to 20,000 [[TNT equivalent|megatons of TNT]]. It attracted widespread attention because it was discovered only after the closest approach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Warren E. |last=Leary |title=Big Asteroid Passes Near Earth Unseen In a Rare Close Call |date=April 20, 1989 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/20/us/big-asteroid-passes-near-earth-unseen-in-a-rare-close-call.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191344/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/20/us/big-asteroid-passes-near-earth-unseen-in-a-rare-close-call.html |archive-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref>

From the 1990s, a typical frame of reference in searches for NEOs has been the scientific concept of [[risk]]. The awareness of the wider public of the impact risk rose after the observation of the impact of the fragments of [[Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9]] into Jupiter in July 1994.<ref name="tsr20120514"/><ref name="Chapman1998"/> In March 1998, early orbit calculations for recently discovered asteroid {{mpl|(35396) 1997 XF|11}} showed a potential 2028 close approach {{convert |0.00031 |AU |km |abbr=on |lk=off}} from the Earth, well within the orbit of the Moon, but with a large error margin allowing for a direct hit. Further data allowed a revision of the 2028 approach distance to {{convert |0.0064 |AU |km |abbr=on |lk=off}}, with no chance of collision. By that time, inaccurate reports of a potential impact had caused a media storm.<ref name="Marsden1998">{{cite news |first=Brian G. |last=Marsden |author-link=Brian G. Marsden |title=How the Asteroid Story Hit: An Astronomer Reveals How a Discovery Spun Out of Control |date=March 29, 1998 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11Globe.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617210302/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11Globe.html |archive-date=June 17, 2012}}</ref>

In 1998, the movies ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]'' and ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]'' popularised the notion that near-Earth objects could cause catastrophic impacts.<ref name="Chapman1998"/> Also at that time, a [[conspiracy theory]] arose about a supposed 2003 impact of a planet called [[Nibiru cataclysm|Nibiru]] with Earth, which persisted on the internet as the predicted impact date was moved to 2012 and then 2017.<ref name="Molloy2017">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Molloy |title=Nibiru: How the nonsense Planet X Armageddon and Nasa fake news theories spread globally |date=September 24, 2017 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/21/nibiru-nonsense-planet-x-armageddon-nasa-fake-news-theories/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/21/nibiru-nonsense-planet-x-armageddon-nasa-fake-news-theories/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Risk scales ====

There are two schemes for the scientific classification of impact hazards from NEOs, as a way to communicate the risk of impacts to the general public.
[[Image:Torino scale.svg|right|thumb|300px|The [[Torino scale]]. The scale in metres is the approximate diameter of an asteroid with a typical collision velocity]]
The simple [[Torino scale]] was established at an IAU workshop in [[Turin]] ({{langx|it|Torino}}) in June 1999, in the wake of the public confusion about the impact risk of {{mpl|1997 XF|11}}.<ref name="NEO-IAU">{{cite conference |first=Hans |last=Rickman |date=2001 |title=NEO Research and the IAU |pages=97–102 |conference=International Workshop on Collaboration and Coordination among NEO Observers and Orbital Computers |location=Kurshiki City Art Museum, Japan |publisher=IAU |editor-first1=Syuzo |editor-last1=Isobe |editor-first2=Yoshifusa |editor-last2=Asakuro |bibcode=2001ccno.conf...97R}}</ref> It rates the risks of impacts in the next 100 years according to impact energy and impact probability, using integer numbers between 0 and 10:<ref name="torino">{{cite web |title=Torino Impact Hazard Scale |publisher=NASA/JPL CNEOS |url=http://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/torino_scale.html |access-date=February 14, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214111538/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/torino_scale.html |archive-date=February 14, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Torino Impact Hazard Scale |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=297–303 |bibcode=2000P&SS...48..297B |last1=Binzel |first1=Richard P. |year=2000 |doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00006-4}}</ref>
* ratings of 0 and 1 are of no concern to astronomers or the public,
* ratings of 2 to 4 are used for events with increasing magnitude of concern to astronomers trying to make more precise orbit calculations, but not yet a concern for the public,
* ratings of 5 to 7 are meant for impacts of increasing magnitude which are not certain but warrant public concern and governmental contingency planning over an increasing timescale,
* 8 to 10 would be used for certain collisions of increasing severity.

The more complex [[Palermo scale]], established in 2002, compares the likelihood of an impact at a certain date to the probable number of impacts of a similar energy or greater until the possible impact, and takes the [[logarithm]] of this ratio. Thus, a Palermo scale rating can be any positive or negative real number, and risks of any concern are indicated by values above zero. Unlike the Torino scale, the Palermo scale is not sensitive to newly discovered small objects with an orbit known with low confidence.<ref name="palermo">{{cite web |title=Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale |publisher=NASA/JPL CNEOS |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/palermo_scale.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001191140/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/palermo_scale.html |archive-date=October 1, 2023}}</ref>

==== Highly rated risks ====
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration [[NASA]] maintains an automated system to evaluate the threat from known NEOs over the next 100 years, which generates the continuously updated [[Sentry Risk Table]].<ref name="Current_Impact_Risks" /> All or nearly all of the objects are highly likely to drop off the list eventually as more observations come in, reducing the uncertainties and enabling more accurate orbital predictions.<ref name="Current_Impact_Risks"/><ref name="2006HZ51">{{cite news |first=David |last=Chandler |title=Big new asteroid has slim chance of hitting Earth |date=May 2, 2006 |work=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9095-big-new-asteroid-has-slim-chance-of-hitting-earth |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226121230/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9095-big-new-asteroid-has-slim-chance-of-hitting-earth/ |archive-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> When the close approach of a newly discovered asteroid is first put on a risk list with a significant risk, it is normal for the risk to first increase, regardless of whether the potential impact will eventually be ruled out or confirmed with the help of additional observations.<ref name="Smithsonian_no-panic">{{Cite news |first=Margherita |last=Bassi |title=Astronomers Raise Odds of Asteroid Impact in 2032 to 2.3 Percent—Here's Why You Shouldn't Panic |date=February 6, 2025 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/astronomers-raise-odds-of-asteroid-impact-in-2032-to-2-3-percent-heres-why-you-shouldnt-panic-180985949/ |access-date=February 8, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250208215442/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/astronomers-raise-odds-of-asteroid-impact-in-2032-to-2-3-percent-heres-why-you-shouldnt-panic-180985949/ |archive-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> Similar tables are maintained by the [[Near-Earth Object Coordination Centre]] (NEOCC) of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA)<ref name="NEOCC-risk-list">{{cite web |title=Risk List |publisher=ESA NEOCC |url=https://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-list |access-date=February 9, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207044752/https://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-list |archive-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref> and on the [[NEODyS]] (Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site) by the [[University of Pisa]] spin-off company SpaceDyS.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEODyS-2 Risk List |website=NEODyS-2 |publisher=ESA |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=4.1 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102113021/https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=4.1 |archive-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref>

In March 2002, {{mpl|(163132) 2002 CU|11}} became the first asteroid with a temporarily positive rating on the Torino Scale, with about a 1 in 9,300 chance of an impact in 2049.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Andrea |last1=Milani |first2=Giovanni |last2=Valsecchi |first3=Maria Eugenia |last3=Sansaturio |title=The problem with 2002 CU11 |work=Tumbling Stone |volume=12 |publisher=[[NEODyS]] |date=March 12, 2002 |url=http://spaceguard.rm.iasf.cnr.it/tumblingstone/issues/num12/eng/2002cu11.htm |access-date=January 29, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023838/http://spaceguard.rm.iasf.cnr.it/tumblingstone/issues/num12/eng/2002cu11.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> Additional observations reduced the estimated risk to zero, and the asteroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table in April 2002.<ref name="removed">{{cite web |title=Date/Time Removed |date=December 31, 2024 |publisher=NASA/JPL CNEOS |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/removed.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101175144/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/removed.html |archive-date=January 1, 2025}}</ref> It is now known that within the next two centuries, {{mp|2002 CU|11}} will pass the Earth at a safe closest distance (perigee) of {{convert|0.00425|AU|km mi|abbr=on|lk=off}} on August 31, 2080.<ref>{{cite web |title=Small-Body Database Lookup. 163132 (2002 CU11) |date=June 6, 2022 |publisher=NASA/JPL |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2002CU11&view=OPC |access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref>

[[File:1950 DA (color).png|thumb|Radar image of asteroid {{mpl|29075|1950 DA}}]]
Asteroid {{mpl|29075|1950 DA}} has a diameter of about a kilometer (0.6 miles), and an impact would therefore be globally catastrophic. Although this asteroid will not strike for at least 800 years and thus has no Torino scale rating, it was added to the Sentry list in April 2002 as the first object with a Palermo scale value greater than zero.<ref name="IAU-NEOs"/><ref name="NEO-1950DA">{{cite web |title=29075 (1950 DA) Analyses, 2001-2007 |publisher=NASA/JPL CNEOS |url=http://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/1950da/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228030108/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/1950da/ |archive-date=December 28, 2024}}</ref> The then-calculated 1 in 300 maximum chance of impact and +0.17 Palermo scale value was roughly 50% greater than the background risk of impact by all similarly large objects until 2880.<ref name="NEO-1950DA"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giorgini |first1=J. D. |last2=Ostro |first2=S. J. |last3=Benner |first3=L. A. M. |last4=Chodas |first4=P. W. |last5=Chesley |first5=S. R. |last6=Hudson |first6=R. S. |last7=Nolan |first7=M. C. |last8=Klemola |first8=A. R. |last9=Standish |first9=E. M. |last10=Jurgens |first10=R. F. |last11=Rose |first11=R |last12=Chamberlin |first12=A. B. |last13=Yeomans |first13=D. K. |last14=Margot |first14=J. L. |display-authors=2 |date=April 5, 2002 |title=Asteroid 1950 DA's Encounter with Earth in 2880: Physical Limits of Collision Probability Prediction |journal=Science |volume=296 |pages=132–136 |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/1950da/1950da_published.pdf |access-date=January 26, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222123826/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/1950da/1950da_published.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2024 |doi=10.1126/science.1068191 |pmid=11935024 |issue=5565|bibcode = 2002Sci...296..132G |s2cid=8689246}}</ref> After additional radar<ref name=Farnocchia2013>{{Cite journal |last1=Farnocchia |first1=Davide |last2=Chesley |first2=Steven R. |title=Assessment of the 2880 impact threat from asteroid (29075) 1950 DA |date=2013 |journal=Icarus |volume=229 |pages=321–327 |arxiv=1310.0861 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.022 |bibcode=2014Icar..229..321F |s2cid=56453734}}</ref> and optical observations, {{As of|2025|3|lc=y}}, the probability of this impact is assessed at 1 in 2,600.<ref name="Current_Impact_Risks"/> The corresponding Palermo scale value of −0.92 is the second-highest for all objects on the Sentry List Table.<ref name="Current_Impact_Risks"/>

On December 24, 2004, five days after discovery, {{convert|370|m|ft|abbr=on}} asteroid [[99942 Apophis]] was assigned a 4 on the Torino scale, the highest rating given to date, as the information available at the time translated to a 1.6% chance of Earth impact in April 2029.<ref>{{cite news |first1=D. |last1=Yeomans |first2=S. |last2=Chesley |first3=P. |last3=Chodas |title=Near-Earth Asteroid 2004 MN4 Reaches Highest Score To Date On Hazard Scale |date=December 23, 2004 |publisher=NASA/JPL CNEOS |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news146.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231201857/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news146.html |archive-date=December 31, 2024}} <small>(Note: at the time the object was yet unnamed and was known only by its provisional designation {{mp|2004 MN|4}}.)</small></ref> As observations were collected over the next three days, the calculated chance of impact first increased to as high as 2.7%,<ref name="cneosnews164">{{cite news |first1=Dwayne |last1=Brown |first2=DC |last2=Agle |title=NASA Refines Asteroid Apophis' Path Toward Earth |date=October 7, 2009 |publisher=NASA/JPL CNEOS |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news164.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218203929/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news164.html |archive-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref> then fell back to zero, as the shrinking uncertainty zone for this close approach no longer included the Earth.<ref>{{cite news |first1=D. |last1=Yeomans |first2=S. |last2=Chesley |first3=P. |last3=Chodas |title=Possibility of an Earth Impact in 2029 Ruled Out for Asteroid 2004 MN4 |date=December 27, 2004 |publisher=NASA/JPL CNEOS |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news148.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230120623/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news148.html |archive-date=December 30, 2024}}</ref> There was at that time still some uncertainty about potential impacts during later close approaches. However, as the precision of orbital calculations improved due to additional observations, the risk of impact at any date was eliminated<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA Analysis: Earth Is Safe From Asteroid Apophis for 100-Plus Years |date=March 25, 2021 |work=News |publisher=NASA/JPL |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-analysis-earth-is-safe-from-asteroid-apophis-for-100-plus-years |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212054436/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-analysis-earth-is-safe-from-asteroid-apophis-for-100-plus-years/ |archive-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> and Apophis was removed from the Sentry Risk Table in February 2021.<ref name="removed"/>

{{As of|2025|3}}, {{mpl|2010 RF|12}} was listed on the Sentry List Table with the highest chance of impacting Earth, at 1 in 10 on September 5, 2095.<ref name="Current_Impact_Risks"/> At only {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} across, the asteroid however is much too small to be considered a [[potentially hazardous asteroid]] and it poses no serious threat: the possible 2095 impact therefore rates only −2.97 on the Palermo Scale.<ref name="Current_Impact_Risks"/>

In January 2025, {{convert|55|m|ft|abbr=on}} asteroid {{mpl|2024 YR|4}} reached a 3 rating on the Torino scale for a possible impact on December 22, 2032, triggering an action plan to schedule observations with more powerful telescopes as the object recedes and gets dimmer, to determine its orbit with more precision and thus refine the impact risk prediction.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Sample |title=Asteroid triggers global defence plan amid chance of collision with Earth in 2032 |date=January 30, 2025 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/jan/30/asteroid-spotted-chance-colliding-with-earth-2032 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202133421/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/jan/30/asteroid-spotted-chance-colliding-with-earth-2032 |archive-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref> In February 2025, the impact risk peaked at 1 in 32, then dropped below 1 in 1000 and the Torino scale rating was reduced to 0.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Lea |title='That's impact probability zero folks!' Earth safe from 'city-killer' asteroid 2024 YR4 |date=February 24, 2025 |work=Space.com |url=https://www.space.com/the-universe/asteroids/earth-safe-from-city-killer-asteroid-2024-yr4-thats-impact-probability-zero-folks |access-date=March 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302170948/https://www.space.com/the-universe/asteroids/earth-safe-from-city-killer-asteroid-2024-yr4-thats-impact-probability-zero-folks |archive-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2025|3|2}}, the impact risk for the 2032 encounter was down to 1 in 120,000.<ref name="Current_Impact_Risks"/>  By April, {{mp|2024 YR|4}} was on the other hand estimated to have a 4% chance of impacting a 70% [[Lunar phase#waninggibbous|waning gibbous moon]] on 22 December 2032<ref name="Helsinki"/> around 15:17 to 15:21&nbsp;UTC.<ref name="BillGray"/>