Editing Neuroscience (section)

===Neuroscience and medicine===

====Clinical neuroscience====
{{Main|Neurotherapy}}
{{Further|Clinical neuroscience}}
Neurology, psychiatry, neurosurgery, psychosurgery, anesthesiology and [[pain medicine]], neuropathology, [[neuroradiology]], [[ophthalmology]], [[otolaryngology]], [[clinical neurophysiology]], [[addiction medicine]], and [[sleep medicine]] are some medical specialties that specifically address the diseases of the nervous system. These terms also refer to clinical disciplines involving diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neurologic Diseases |url=https://medlineplus.gov/neurologicdiseases.html |website=medlineplus.gov |publisher=National Library of Medicine (NIH) |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>

[[Neurology]] works with diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems, such as [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS) and [[stroke]], and their medical treatment. [[Psychiatry]] focuses on [[Affect (psychology)|affective]], behavioral, [[cognition|cognitive]], and [[perception|perceptual]] disorders. [[Anesthesiology]] focuses on perception of pain, and pharmacologic alteration of consciousness. [[Neuropathology]] focuses upon the classification and underlying pathogenic mechanisms of central and peripheral nervous system and muscle diseases, with an emphasis on morphologic, microscopic, and chemically observable alterations. [[Neurosurgery]] and [[psychosurgery]] work primarily with surgical treatment of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems.<ref>{{cite book |title=A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia |date=2021 |publisher=Ebix, inc. |location=Johns Creek (GA) |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007456.htm |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=en |chapter=Neurosciences}}</ref>

Neuroscience underlies the development of various [[neurotherapy]] methods to treat diseases of the nervous system.<ref name="EEE Brain 2019">IEEE Brain (2019). "Neurotherapy: Treating Disorders by Retraining the Brain". ''The Future Neural Therapeutics White Paper''. Retrieved 23.01.2025 from: https://brain.ieee.org/topics/neurotherapy-treating-disorders-by-retraining-the-brain/#:~:text=Neurotherapy%20trains%20a%20patient's%20brain,wave%20activity%20through%20positive%20reinforcement </ref><ref name="International Neuromodulation Society_2024">International Neuromodulation Society, Retrieved 23 January 2025 from: https://www.neuromodulation.com/ </ref><ref name="Val Danilov Origin Neurostimulation_2024">Val Danilov I (2023). "The Origin of Natural Neurostimulation: A Narrative Review of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques." ''OBM Neurobiology'' 2024; 8(4): 260; https://doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2404260.</ref>

====Translational research====
{{Further|Translational research |Translational neuroscience}}
[[Image:Parasagittal MRI of human head in patient with benign familial macrocephaly prior to brain injury (ANIMATED).gif|right|thumb|An [[MRI]] of a human head showing [[Macrocephaly#Benign or familial macrocephaly|benign familial macrocephaly]] (head circumference > 60 cm)]]

Recently, the boundaries between various specialties have blurred, as they are all influenced by [[basic research]] in neuroscience. For example, [[brain imaging]] enables objective biological insight into mental illnesses, which can lead to faster diagnosis, more accurate prognosis, and improved monitoring of patient progress over time.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lepage M |date=2010 |title=Research at the Brain Imaging Centre |work=Douglas Mental Health University Institute |url=http://www.douglas.qc.ca/page/imagerie-cerebrale?locale=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305042011/http://www.douglas.qc.ca/page/imagerie-cerebrale?locale=en |archive-date=March 5, 2012}}</ref>

[[Integrative neuroscience]] describes the effort to combine models and information from multiple levels of research to develop a coherent model of the nervous system. For example, brain imaging coupled with physiological numerical models and theories of fundamental mechanisms may shed light on psychiatric disorders.<ref name="gordon2003">{{cite journal|author=Gordon E|title=Integrative neuroscience.|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|year=2003|volume=28|issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S2-8|pmid=12827137| doi=10.1038/sj.npp.1300136|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Another important area of translational research is [[brain–computer interface]]s (BCIs), or machines that are able to communicate and influence the brain. They are currently being researched for their potential to repair neural systems and restore certain cognitive functions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krucoff |first1=Max O. |last2=Rahimpour |first2=Shervin |last3=Slutzky |first3=Marc W. |last4=Edgerton |first4=V. Reggie |last5=Turner |first5=Dennis A. |title=Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation |journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience |date=27 December 2016 |volume=10 |page=584 |doi=10.3389/fnins.2016.00584 |pmid=28082858 |pmc=5186786 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, some ethical considerations have to be dealt with before they are accepted.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haselager |first1=Pim |last2=Vlek |first2=Rutger |last3=Hill |first3=Jeremy |last4=Nijboer |first4=Femke |title=A note on ethical aspects of BCI |journal=Neural Networks |date=1 November 2009 |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=1352–1357 |doi=10.1016/j.neunet.2009.06.046 |pmid=19616405 |hdl=2066/77533 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nijboer |first1=Femke |last2=Clausen |first2=Jens |last3=Allison |first3=Brendan Z. |last4=Haselager |first4=Pim |title=The Asilomar Survey: Stakeholders' Opinions on Ethical Issues Related to Brain–Computer Interfacing |journal=Neuroethics |date=2013 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=541–578 |doi=10.1007/s12152-011-9132-6 |pmid=24273623 |pmc=3825606 }}</ref>