Editing One Thousand and One Nights (section)

===Modern translations===
{{main|Translations of One Thousand and One Nights}}
[[File:William-Strang-Sindbad-AliBaba-titlepage.JPG|thumb|''Sindbad the sailor and Ali Baba and the forty thieves'' by [[William Strang]], 1896]]
The first European version (1704–1717) was translated into [[French language|French]] by [[Antoine Galland]]<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Thousand and One Nights |volume=28 |page=883 |first=Michael Jan de |last=Goeje |author-link=Michael Jan de Goeje}}</ref> from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension and other sources. This 12-volume work,<ref name=EB1911/> ''[[Les mille et une nuits|Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français]]'' ('The Thousand and one nights, Arab stories translated into French'), included stories that were not in the original Arabic manuscript. "[[Aladdin's lamp|Aladdin's Lamp]]", and "[[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves]]" (as well as several other lesser-known tales) appeared first in Galland's translation and cannot be found in any of the original manuscripts. He wrote that he heard them from the Christian Maronite storyteller [[Hanna Diab]] during Diab's visit to Paris. Galland's version of the ''Nights'' was immensely popular throughout Europe, and later versions were issued by Galland's publisher using Galland's name without his consent.

As scholars were looking for the presumed "complete" and "original" form of the Nights, they naturally turned to the more voluminous texts of the Egyptian recension, which soon came to be viewed as the "standard version". The first translations of this kind, such as that of [[Edward William Lane|Edward Lane]] (1840, 1859), were [[bowdlerized]]. Unabridged and unexpurgated translations were made, first by [[John Payne (poet)|John Payne]], under the title ''The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night'' (1882, nine volumes), and then by [[Sir Richard Francis Burton]], entitled ''[[The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night]]'' (1885, ten volumes)&nbsp;– the latter was, according to some assessments, partially based on the former, leading to charges of [[plagiarism]].<ref name=sallis2/><ref name=encyclo>Marzolph, Ulrich and Richard van Leeuwen. 2004. ''The Arabian nights encyclopedia'', Volume 1. pp. 506–508</ref>

In view of the [[Human sexuality|sexual]] imagery in the source texts (which Burton emphasized even further, especially by adding extensive footnotes and appendices on Oriental sexual mores<ref name=encyclo/>) and the strict [[Victorian morality|Victorian]] laws on obscene material, both of these translations were printed as private editions for subscribers only, rather than published in the usual manner. Burton's original 10 volumes were followed by a further six (seven in the Baghdad Edition and perhaps others) entitled ''The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night'', which were printed between 1886 and 1888.<ref name=EB1911/>  It has, however, been criticized for its "archaic language and extravagant idiom" and "obsessive focus on sexuality" (and has even been called an "eccentric [[wikt:ego-trip|ego-trip]]" and a "highly personal reworking of the text").<ref name=encyclo/>

Later versions of the ''Nights'' include that of the [[French people|French]] doctor [[J. C. Mardrus]], issued from 1898 to 1904. It was translated into English by [[Powys Mathers]], and issued in 1923. Like Payne's and Burton's texts, it is based on the Egyptian recension and retains the erotic material, indeed expanding on it, but it has been criticized for inaccuracy.<ref name=sallis2>Sallis, Eva. 1999. Sheherazade through the looking glass: the metamorphosis of the Thousand and One Nights. pp. 4 ''passim''</ref>

[[Muhsin Mahdi]]'s 1984 Leiden edition, based on the Galland Manuscript, was rendered into English by Husain Haddawy (1990).<ref>''The Arabian Nights'', trans. by Husain Haddawy (New York: Norton, 1990).</ref> This translation has been praised as "very readable" and "strongly recommended for anyone who wishes to taste the authentic flavour of those tales".{{sfn|Irwin|2004}} An additional second volume of ''Arabian nights'' translated by Haddawy, composed of popular tales ''not'' present in the Leiden edition, was published in 1995.<ref>''The Arabian Nights II: Sindbad and Other Popular Stories'', trans. by Husain Haddawy (New York: Norton, 1995).</ref> Both volumes were the basis for a single-volume reprint of selected tales of Haddawy's translations.<ref>''The Arabian Nights: The Husain Haddawy Translation Based on the Text Edited by Muhsin Mahdi, Contexts, Criticism'', ed. by Daniel Heller-Roazen (New York: Norton, 2010).</ref>

A new English translation was published by Penguin Classics in three volumes in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Buchan |first=James |date=2008-12-27 |title=1,001 flights of fancy |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/27/arabian-nights-malcolm-c-lyons |access-date=2023-06-28 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=truyen audio full |url=https://www.truyenvietaudio.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806122214/http://truyenvietaudio.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 6, 2018 |website=2023-06-28}}</ref> It is translated by Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons with introduction and annotations by Robert Irwin. This is the first complete translation of the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition (Egyptian recension) since Burton's. It contains, in addition to the standard text of 1001 Nights, the so-called "orphan stories" of ''[[Aladdin]]'' and ''[[Ali Baba]]'' as well as an alternative ending to ''The seventh journey of [[Sindbad]]'' from [[Antoine Galland]]'s original French. As the translator himself notes in his preface to the three volumes, "[N]o attempt has been made to superimpose on the translation changes that would be needed to 'rectify' ... accretions, ... repetitions, non sequiturs and confusions that mark the present text," and the work is a "representation of what is primarily oral literature, appealing to the ear rather than the eye".<ref>[http://www.pen.org/blog/?p=4056 PEN American Center]. Pen.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.</ref> The Lyons translation includes all the poetry (in plain prose paraphrase) but does not attempt to reproduce in English the internal rhyming of some prose sections of the original Arabic. Moreover, it streamlines somewhat and has cuts. In this sense it is not, as claimed, a complete translation. This translation was generally well-received upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Arabian Nights: Tales of 1001 Nights|url=http://www.theomnivore.co.uk/Book/Classification/Fiction/Genre/Classic_Fiction/1527-The_Arabian_Nights_Tales_of_1001_Nights/Default.aspx|access-date=12 July 2024|website=[[The Omnivore]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913024501/http://www.theomnivore.co.uk/Book/Classification/Fiction/Genre/Classic_Fiction/1527-The_Arabian_Nights_Tales_of_1001_Nights/Default.aspx|archive-date=13 Sep 2012}}</ref>

A new English language translation was published in December 2021, the first solely by a female author, [[Yasmine Seale]], which removes earlier sexist and racist references. The new translation includes all the tales from Hanna Diyab and additionally includes stories previously omitted featuring female protagonists, such as tales about Parizade, Pari Banu, and the horror story Sidi Numan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/15/new-arabian-nights-translation-to-strip-away-earlier-versions-racism-and-sexism|title=New Arabian Nights translation to strip away earlier versions' racism and sexism|first=Alison|last=Flood|work=www.theguardian.com|date=December 15, 2021|access-date=December 15, 2021}}</ref>