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Orb-weaver spider
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==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=Alford>{{cite web |last1=Alford |first1=Justine |title=Orb-Weaver Spiders Stuff A Treatment Plant With A 4-Acre Web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/107-million-orb-weavers-stuff-treatment-plant-4-acre-web |website=IFLScience |access-date=6 April 2015 |date=2 November 2014}}</ref> <ref name=Blac09>{{cite journal|first1=Todd A. |last1=Blackledge |first2=Nikolaj |last2=Scharff |first3=Jonathan A. |last3=Coddington |first4=Tamas |last4=Szüts |first5=John W. |last5=Wenzel |first6=Cheryl Y. |last6=Hayashi |first7=Ingi |last7=Agnarsson |year=2009 |title=Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=106 |issue=13 |pages=5229–5234 |pmid=19289848 |pmc=2656561 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901377106 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5229B |name-list-style=amp|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=BlacWenz00>{{cite journal |first1=Todd A. |last1=Blackledge |first2=John W. |last2=Wenzel |year=2000 |title=The evolution of cryptic spider silk: a behavioral test |journal=[[Behavioral Ecology (journal)|Behavioral Ecology]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=142–145 |doi=10.1093/beheco/11.2.142 |name-list-style=amp|doi-access= }}</ref> <ref name=Codd86>{{cite book |first1=Jonathan A. |last1=Coddington |year=1986 |chapter=The monophyletic origin of the orb web |pages=[https://archive.org/details/spiderswebsbehav00shea/page/319 319–363] |editor1-first=William A. |editor1-last=Shear |title=Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford CA |isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&pg=PA319 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/spiderswebsbehav00shea/page/319 }}</ref> <ref name=Elga91>{{cite journal |last1=Elgar |first1=Mark |title=Sexual Cannibalism, Size Dimorphism, and Courtship Behavior in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneidae) |journal=Evolution |date=1991 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=444–448 |jstor=2409679 |doi=10.2307/2409679|pmid=28567867 }}</ref> <ref name=GarbDemaVoHaya06>{{cite journal |first1=Jessica E. |last1=Garb |first2=Teresa |last2=DiMauro |first3=Victoria |last3=Vo |first4=Cheryl Y. |last4=Hayashi |year=2006 |title=Silk genes support the single origin of orb webs |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=312 |issue=5781 |page=1762 |pmid=16794073 |doi=10.1126/science.1127946 |name-list-style=amp|citeseerx=10.1.1.623.4339 |s2cid=889557 }}</ref> <ref name=GustSchaCodd00>{{cite journal |last1=Gustavo |first1=H. |last2=Scharff |first2=N. |last3=Coddington |first3=J. |date=2000 |title=The Phylogenetic Basis of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae) |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=435–462 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1080/10635159950127330|pmid=12116421 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=LegrMors00>{{cite journal |last1=Legrand |first1=R.S. |last2=Morse |first2=D.H. |date=2000 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01283.x |title=Factors driving extreme sexual size dimorphism of a sit-and-wait predator under low density |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=643–664 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=MW_orb>{{cite web |title=orb |website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orb |access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> <ref name=PenaGrimDelc06>{{cite journal |first1=Enrique |last1=Peñalver |first2=David A. |last2=Grimaldi |first3=Xavier |last3=Delclòs |year=2006 |title=Early Cretaceous spider web with its prey |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=312 |issue=5781 |page=1761 |pmid=16794072 |doi=10.1126/science.1126628 |s2cid=34828913 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=PennOrtu06>{{cite journal |first1=David |last1=Penney |first2=Vicente M. |last2=Ortuño |year=2006 |title=Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae) |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=447–450 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506 |pmid=17148427 |pmc=1686203 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name=SchnGilbFromUhl06>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=J.M. |last2=Gilberg |first2=S. |last3=Fromhage |first3=L. |last4=Uhl |first4=G. |title=Sexual conflict over copulation duration in a cannibalistic spider |journal=Animal Behaviour |date=2006 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=781–788 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.012 |s2cid=53171331 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=Shea86>{{cite book |first1=William A. |last1=Shear |year=1986 |chapter=The evolution of web-building behavior in spiders: a third generation of hypotheses |pages=[https://archive.org/details/spiderswebsbehav00shea/page/364 364–400] |editor1-first=William A. |editor1-last=Shear |title=Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford CA |isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&pg=PA364 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/spiderswebsbehav00shea/page/364 }}</ref> <ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite journal |title=Detangling History |journal=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |date=September 2006 |page=24}} "Two pieces of Spanish [[amber]] contain the oldest known spider web and orb–weaving spider; both specimens are at least 110 million years old. The new findings, along with an analysis of the proteins in spider silk, indicate that orb–weaving spiders date as far back as 144 million years."</ref> <ref name=VollSeld07>{{cite journal |first1=Fritz |last1=Vollrath |first2=Paul |last2=Selden |year=2007 |title=The role of behavior in the evolution of spiders, silks, and webs |journal=[[Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics]] |volume=38 |pages=819–846 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221 |s2cid=54518303 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=WelkSchn10>{{cite journal |last1=Welke |first1=K.W. |last2=Schneider |first2=J.M. |title=Males of the orb-web spider ''Argiope bruennichi'' sacrifice themselves to unrelated females |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=585–588 |year=2010 |pmid=20410027 |pmc=2936157 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0214 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name=WSC_stats>{{cite web |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum, Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> }}
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