Editing Oxygen minimum zone (section)

=== Zooplankton ===
Decreased oxygen availability results in decreases in many zooplankton species’ egg production, food intake, respiration,<ref name="Elliott2013">{{cite journal |last1=Elliott |first1=DT |last2=Pierson |first2=JJ |last3=Roman |first3=MR |date=2013 |title=Elliott, D.T., Pierson, J.J. and Roman, M.R., 2013. Predicting the effects of coastal hypoxia on vital rates of the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa Dana |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |page=e63987 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063987 |pmc=3656935 |pmid=23691134 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and metabolic rates.<ref name="ES2015">{{cite journal |last1=Elder |first1=LE |last2=Seibel |first2=BA |date=2015 |title=Ecophysiological implications of vertical migration into oxygen minimum zones for the hyperiid amphipod Phronima sedentaria |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=897–911 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbv066 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Seibel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Seibel |first1=BA |date=2011 |title=Critical oxygen levels and metabolic suppression in oceanic oxygen minimum zones |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages=326–336 |doi=10.1242/jeb.049171 |pmid=21177952 |s2cid=16469678 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kiko2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kiko |first1=R |last2=Hauss |first2=H |last3=Bucholz |first3=F |last4=Melzner |first4=F |date=2016 |title=Ammonium excretion and oxygen respiration of tropical copepods and euphausiids exposed to oxygen minimum zone conditions |journal=Biogeosciences |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=2241–2255 |bibcode=2016BGeo...13.2241K |doi=10.5194/bg-13-2241-2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Temperature and salinity in areas of decreased oxygen concentrations also affect oxygen availability. Higher temperatures and salinity lower oxygen solubility decrease the partial pressure of oxygen. This decreased partial pressure increases organisms’ respiration rates, causing the oxygen demand of the organism to increase.<ref name="Elliott2013" /><ref name="Kiko2016" />

In addition to affecting their vital functions, zooplankton alter their distribution in response to hypoxic or anoxic zones. Many species actively avoid low oxygen zones,<ref name="Elliott2012">{{cite journal |last1=Elliott |first1=DT |last2=Pierson |first2=JJ |last3=Roman |first3=MR |date=2012 |title=Relationship between environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure during summer hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=602–613 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbs029 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Vanderploeg2009a">{{cite journal |last1=Vanderploeg |first1=HA |last2=Ludsin |first2=SA |last3=Cavaletto |first3=JF |last4=Höök |first4=TO |last5=Pothoven |first5=SA |last6=Brandt |first6=SB |last7=Liebig |first7=JR |last8=Lang |first8=GA |date=2009 |title=Hypoxic zones as habitat for zooplankton in Lake Erie: refuges from predation or exclusion zones? |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=381 |pages=S108–S120 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2009.07.015|bibcode=2009JEMBE.381S.108V }}</ref><ref name="Vanderploeg2009b">{{cite journal |last1=Vanderploeg |first1=HA |last2=Ludsin |first2=SA |last3=Ruberg |first3=SA |last4=Höök |first4=TO |last5=Pothoven |first5=SA |last6=Brandt |first6=SB |last7=Lang |first7=GA |last8=Liebig |first8=JR |last9=Cavaletto |first9=JF |date=2009 |title=Hypoxia affects spatial distributions and overlap of pelagic fish, zooplankton, and phytoplankton in Lake Erie |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=381 |pages=S92–S107 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2009.07.027|bibcode=2009JEMBE.381S..92V }}</ref> while others take advantage of their predators’ low tolerance for hypoxia and use these areas as a refuge.<ref name="Elliott2012" /><ref name="Vanderploeg2009a" /><ref name="Vanderploeg2009b" /> Zooplankton that exhibit daily vertical migrations to avoid predation and low oxygen conditions also excrete ammonium near the oxycline and contribute to increased anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox,<ref name="Bianchi2014">{{cite journal |last1=Bianchi |first1=D |last2=Babbin |first2=AR |last3=Galbraith |first3=ED |date=2014 |title=Enhancement of anammox by the excretion of diel vertical migrators |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=111 |issue=44 |pages=15653–15658 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11115653B |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410790111 |pmc=4226083 |pmid=25288743 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kiko2016" /> which produces N<sub>2</sub> gas. As hypoxic regions expand vertically and horizontally,<ref name="Stramma2012">{{cite journal |last1=Stramma |first1=L |last2=Prince |first2=ED |last3=Schmidtko |first3=S |last4=Luo |first4=J |last5=Hoolihan |first5=JP |last6=Visbeck |first6=M |last7=Wallace |first7=DWR |last8=Brandt |first8=P |last9=Körtzinger |first9=A |date=2012 |title=Expansion of oxygen minimum zones may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes |url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/13127/2/Stramma.pdf |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=33–37 |bibcode=2012NatCC...2...33S |doi=10.1038/nclimate1304 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10961/1538}}</ref><ref name="PG2006">{{cite journal |last1=Prince |first1=ED |last2=Goodyear |first2=CP |date=2006 |title=Hypoxia-based habitat compression of tropical pelagic fishes |journal=Fisheries Oceanography |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=451–464 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00393.x|bibcode=2006FisOc..15..451P }}</ref> the habitable ranges for phytoplankton, zooplankton, and [[nekton]] increasingly overlap, increasing their susceptibility to predation and human exploitation.<ref name="deMutsert2016">{{cite journal |last1=de Mutsert |first1=K |last2=Steenbeek |first2=J |last3=Lewis |first3=K |last4=Buszowski |first4=J |last5=Cowan Jr. |first5=JH |last6=Christensen |first6=V |date=2016 |title=Exploring effects of hypoxia on fish and fisheries in the northern Gulf of Mexico using a dynamic spatially explicit ecosystem model |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=331 |pages=142–150 |bibcode=2016AGUOSAH43A..07D |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.013 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ES2015" /><ref name="Kraus2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kraus |first1=RT |last2=Secor |first2=DH |last3=Wingate |first3=RL |date=2015 |title=Testing the thermal-niche oxygen-squeeze hypothesis for estuarine striped bass |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=98 |issue=10 |pages=2083–2092 |doi=10.1007/s10641-015-0431-3 |bibcode=2015EnvBF..98.2083K |s2cid=16052635}}</ref><ref name="Roman2012">{{cite journal |last1=Roman |first1=MR |last2=Pierson |first2=JJ |last3=Kimmel |first3=DG |last4=Boicourt |first4=WC |last5=Zhang |first5=X |date=2012 |title=Impacts of hypoxia on zooplankton spatial distributions in the northern Gulf of Mexico |journal=Estuaries and Coasts |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1261–1269 |doi=10.1007/s12237-012-9531-x |bibcode=2012EstCo..35.1261R |s2cid=84592608}}</ref><ref name="Vanderploeg2009a" />