Editing Pécs (section)

=== Ottoman rule ===
{{See also|Ottoman Hungary}}
[[File:Pécs - Mosque Church 01.jpg|thumb|left|The mosque of Gázi Kászim pasa (pasha Qasim the Victorious)]]
[[File:Pécs - Yakovali Hassan Mosque 01.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque]]]]

After the 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]], in which the invading Ottoman army defeated the armies of [[Louis II of Hungary |King Louis II]], the armies of [[Suleiman the Magnificent |Suleiman]] occupied Pécs. Not only was a large part of the country occupied by the Ottomans, the public opinion of who should be the king of [[Kingdom of Hungary| Hungary]] was divided, too. One party supported [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor| Ferdinand of Habsburg]], the other party crowned [[John Zápolya]] in [[Székesfehérvár]].{{cn|date=March 2023}} The citizens of Pécs supported Ferdinand, but the rest of Baranya county supported John. In the summer of 1527, Ferdinand defeated the armies of Zápolya and was crowned king on November 3. Ferdinand favoured the city because of the support of its citizens, and granted Pécs tax exemption. The city was rebuilt and fortified.{{cn| date=March 2023}}

[[Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)#1530s |In 1529]], the Ottomans captured Pécs again, and went on a campaign against Vienna. The Ottomans forced Pécs to accept King John (who was allied with them) as their ruler. John died in 1540. In 1541, the Ottomans occupied the castle of [[Buda]] and ordered [[Isabella Jagiello|Isabella]], the widow of John, to cede Pécs to them, due to the city's strategic importance.{{cn| date=March 2023}} The citizens of Pécs defended the city against the Ottomans and swore loyalty to Ferdinand.{{cn| date=March 2023}} The emperor helped the city and defended it from further Ottoman attacks, but his advisers persuaded him into focusing more on the cities of [[Székesfehérvár]] and [[Esztergom]] instead of Pécs. Pécs was preparing for the siege, but a day before, [[Flemish people| Flemish]] and [[Walloons |Walloon]] mercenaries fled from the city and raided the nearby lands. The next day, in June 1543, the bishop himself went to the Ottomans with the keys of the city.{{cn| date=March 2023}}

After occupying the city, the Ottomans fortified it and turned it into a truly Ottoman city. The churches were turned into [[mosque]]s, complete with [[minaret]]s; [[Turkish bath]]s and  were built, [[Qur'an school]]s were founded, and there was a [[bazaar]] in place of the market.{{cn|date=March 2023}} For one hundred years the city was an island of peace in a land of war. It was the central city of a [[sanjak]], at first in the [[Budin Province, Ottoman Empire |Budin Eyalet]] and later, as "Peçuy", in the [[Kanije Province, Ottoman Empire |Kanije Eyalet]].

The Ottoman era resulted in numerous landmarks, such as the [[Mosque of Pasha Qasim| mosque of Pasha Qasim the Victorious]] at [[Széchenyi square (Pécs)| Széchenyi Square]], the tomb of İdris Baba, and the [[Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque]].

The Ottoman chronicler [[İbrahim Peçevi]] (Ibrahim of Pécs), whose work forms the main body of reference for Ottoman history between 1520 and 1640, was a native of the city.<ref>[https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/93102 İbrahim Peçevi (Ibrahim Pečevija), an Ottoman Historian from Pécs Writing on Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina] (in Croatian). [[University of Zagreb]]. Retrieved 2 June 2023</ref>

In 1664, [[Croat]]-[[Hungarians |Hungarian]] nobleman [[Nikola Zrinski| Nicholas Zrínyi]] arrived in Pécs with his army. Since the city was well into the Ottoman territories, they knew that even if they occupied it, they could not keep it for long, so they planned only to pillage it. They ravaged and burned the city but could not occupy the castle. Mediaeval Pécs was destroyed forever, except for the wall encircling the historical city, a single [[bastion]] (Barbakán), the network of tunnels and [[catacombs]] beneath the city (partially closed down, and partially in possession of the famous Litke champagne factory, which can be visited today). {{cn| date=June 2008}} Several Turkish structures also survived, namely three mosques, two minarets, remnants of a bath over the ancient Christian tombs near the cathedral, and several houses, one with a stone cannonball embedded in the wall.{{cn| 
date=March 2023}}

In the 1686 [[Siege of Pécs]], the Austrian army finally recovered the city from the Ottoman Turks. After wresting the castle of Buda from Ottoman rule, the Christian armies went on to capture Pécs. The vanguard managed to break into the city and pillaged it.{{cn |date= March 2023}} The Ottomans saw that they could not hold the city, burnt it and withdrew into the castle. The army led by [[Louis of Baden]] occupied the city on 14 October and destroyed the [[aqueduct (water supply)| aqueduct]] leading to the castle. The Ottomans had no other choice but to surrender, which they did on 22 October.

The city was under [[martial law]] under the command of {{ill|Karl von Thüngen|de|Johann Karl von Thüngen}}. The Viennese court wanted to destroy the city first, but later they decided to keep it to counterbalance the importance of [[Szigetvár]], which was still under Ottoman rule. Slowly the city started to prosper again, but in the [[History of plague#Second pandemic: from 14th century to 19th century |1690s two plague epidemics]] claimed many lives. In 1688, [[Germans of Hungary#Habsburg settlement |German settlers]] arrived. Only about one-quarter of the city's population was Hungarian, the others were Germans or [[Southern Slavs]]. The census of taxpayers from 1698 lists 637 families, for which Janja Živković Mandić concludes that 308 were of Croatian nationality (Catholic [[Croats]], [[Rascians |Racs]], [[Šokci]], [[Bunjevci]], [[Illyrians]], [[Slavs]], [[Bosniaks]]{{clarify |Many of these terms are overlapping. Next sentence: "Serbs" used as a term distinct from Racs! "Illyrians" proper were ancient peoples, not clear what the term was used for in the 17th c., Albanians maybe? Also, as far as I could find out, Racs is a Hungarian term not used in English. |date= January 2025}}) and the remaining 329 were Hungarians, Germans, Serbs or Greeks. According to same census, István Tabo mentions 171 Hungarian, 349 Slavs and 79 Germans while Đuro Šarošac mentions that at that time in the city lived 325 Croats, 139 Hungarians, 92 Germans, 53 [[Vlachs]] and 28 Serbs.<ref>Ladislav Heka (2016). ''The Borders of Baranja Since the Middle Ages Until Today'', http://baza.gskos.hr/Graniceidentiteti.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218132411/http://baza.gskos.hr/Graniceidentiteti.pdf |date=2020-02-18 }}  #page=29</ref> According to 1698 data, [[South Slavs]] comprised more than half of the town's population. Because Hungarians were only a minority, Pécs did not support the revolution against Habsburg rule led by [[Francis II Rákóczi]], and his armies pillaged the city in 1704.