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Packaging
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===20th century=== [[File:Ephemera collection; Paper bag advertising Bile Beans Wellcome L0030503.jpg|right|thumb|upright|A packet advertising a [[patent medicine]]]] Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included [[Bakelite]] closures on [[bottle]]s, transparent [[cellophane]] overwraps and panels on [[carton]]s. These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved [[food safety]]. As additional materials such as [[aluminium|aluminum]] and several [[List of synthetic polymers|types of plastic]] were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brody|first1=A. L|last2=Marsh|first2=K. S|title=Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology|year=1997|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-06397-1}}</ref> [[File:HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG|thumb|left|[[Heroin]] bottle and carton, early 20th century]] In 1952, [[Michigan State University]] became the first university in the world to offer a degree in [[Packaging Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://packaging.msu.edu|title=Michigan State School of Packaging|access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=Michigan State University}}</ref> In-plant recycling has long been typical for producing packaging materials. Post-consumer recycling of aluminum and paper-based products has been economical for many years: since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to [[curbside recycling]], consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure. [[File:First polythene pillbox.JPG|thumb|right|A pill box made from [[polyethylene]] in 1936]] Many prominent innovations in the packaging industry were developed first for military use. Some military supplies are packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must transport [[materiel]], supplies, foods, etc. under severe distribution and storage conditions. Packaging problems encountered in [[World War II]] led to [[United States Military Standard|Military Standard]] or "mil spec" regulations being applied to packaging, which was then designated "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, mil spec packaging officially came into being around 1941, due to [[Iceland in World War II|operations in Iceland]] experiencing critical losses, ultimately attributed to bad packaging. In most cases, mil spec packaging solutions (such as barrier materials, [[field ration]]s, [[antistatic bag]]s, and various [[shipping crate]]s) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but subject to more stringent performance and quality requirements.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maloney|first=J.C.|title=The History and Significance of Military Packaging|work=Defence Packaging Policy Group|publisher=Defence Logistics Agency|date=July 2003|url=http://www.dla.mil/Portals/104/Documents/LandAndMaritime/V/VS/Packaging/LM_pkghistory_151007.pdf}}</ref> {{As of|2003}}, the packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the [[gross national product]] in [[developed countries]]. About half of this market was related to [[food packaging]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technology of Cheesemaking: Second Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/technologycheese00lawb|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8298-0|author=Y. Schneider|author2=C. Kluge |author3=U. WeiΓ |author4=H. Rohm |editor=Barry A. Law, A.Y. Tamime|page=[https://archive.org/details/technologycheese00lawb/page/n441 413]|chapter=Packaging Materials and Equipment}}</ref> In 2019 the global food packaging market size was estimated at USD 303.26 billion, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period. Growing demand for packaged food by consumers owing to quickening pace of life and changing eating habits is expected to have a major impact on the market.
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