Editing Palladian architecture (section)

=== North American Palladian architecture ===
[[File:Hammond-Harwood House (Md. Ave. Facade).jpg|thumb|right|[[Hammond-Harwood House]] (1774) – modelled after the [[Villa Pisani (Montagnana)|Villa Pisani]] from ''I quattro libri dell'architettura''|alt=See caption]]
Palladio's influence in North America is evident almost from its first architect-designed buildings.{{refn|A brief survey is [[Robert Tavernor]], "Anglo-Palladianism and the birth of a new nation" in ''Palladio and Palladianism'', (1991), pp.181–209; [[Walter Muir Whitehill]], ''Palladio in America'', (1978) is still the standard work.|group=n}} The Irish philosopher [[George Berkeley]], who may be America's first recorded Palladian, bought a large farmhouse in [[Middletown, Rhode Island|Middletown]], [[Rhode Island]], in the late 1720s, and added a Palladian doorcase derived from Kent's ''Designs of Inigo Jones'' (1727), which he may have brought with him from London.{{sfn|Gaustad|1979|p=70}} Palladio's work was included in the library of a thousand volumes amassed for [[Yale College]].{{sfn|Gaustad|1979|p=86}} [[Peter Harrison (architect)|Peter Harrison]]'s 1749 designs for the [[Redwood Library and Athenaeum|Redwood Library]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]], borrow directly from Palladio's ''I quattro libri dell'architettura'', while his plan for the Newport Brick Market, conceived a decade later, is also Palladian.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.]] |url=http://www.palladiancenter.org/patternbooks.html |title= Building America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223094953/http://www.palladiancenter.org/patternbooks.html |archive-date=23 December 2009|access-date=2 July 2022 |year= 2009}}</ref>

Two colonial period houses that can be definitively attributed to designs from ''I quattro libri dell'architettura'' are the [[Hammond-Harwood House]] (1774) in [[Annapolis, Maryland]], and [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s first [[Monticello]] (1770). Hammond-Harwood was designed by the architect [[William Buckland (architect)|William Buckland]] in 1773–1774 for the wealthy farmer Matthias Hammond of [[Anne Arundel County]], Maryland. The design source is the Villa Pisani,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.]] |url=http://www.palladiancenter.org/timeline-Palladianism.html |title= Palladio and English-American Palladianism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023050942/http://www.palladiancenter.org/timeline-Palladianism.html |archive-date=23 October 2009|access-date=2 July 2022 |year=2009}}</ref> and that for the first Monticello, the [[Villa Cornaro]] at [[Piombino Dese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-30-ca-palladio30-story.html|first=Christopher|last=Hawthorne|title=A very fine Italian House|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=30 November 2008|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=19 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171848/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-30-ca-palladio30-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Both are taken from Book II, Chapter XIV of ''I quattro libri dell'architettura''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ejhyipi5ip4.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/hammondharwood_tour.pdf|first=Sarah B.|last=Benson|title=Hammond-Harwood House Architectural Tour|page=7|publisher=[[Hammond-Harwood House]] Museum|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615015032/https://ejhyipi5ip4.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/hammondharwood_tour.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Jefferson later made substantial alterations to Monticello, known as the second Monticello (1802–1809),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monticello.org/house-gardens/the-house/house-faqs/|title=Monticello House and Garden FAQs|publisher=Monticello.org|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620000942/https://www.monticello.org/house-gardens/the-house/house-faqs/|url-status=live}}</ref> making the Hammond-Harwood House the only remaining house in North America modelled directly on a Palladian design.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MD-01-003-0010|title=Hammond-Harwood House|date=17 July 2018|publisher=[[Society of Architectural Historians]]|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706062634/https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MD-01-003-0010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hammondharwoodhouse.org/index.php?id=33|title=The Palladian Connection|publisher=[[Hammond-Harwood House]]|access-date=2 December 2011|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114439/http://www.hammondharwoodhouse.org/index.php?id=33|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.JPG|thumb|left|Thomas Jefferson's "second" [[Monticello]] (1772)|alt=See caption]]
Jefferson referred to ''I quattro libri dell'architettura'' as his [[bible]].{{refn|An exhibition, ''Jefferson and Palladio: Constructing a New World'' was held at the Palladio Museum in [[Vicenza]] in 2015–2016. The exhibition was dedicated to [[Valmarana family|Mario Valmarana]], Professor of Architecture at the [[University of Virginia]] and a descendant of the family who commissioned Palladio to design the [[Villa Valmarana (Lisiera)|Villa Valmarana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palladiomuseum.org/exhibitions/jefferson/333?lang=en|title=Jefferson and Palladio: Constructing a New World|publisher=Palladio Museum|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528131523/https://www.palladiomuseum.org/exhibitions/jefferson/333?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ribapix.com/Villa-Valmarana-Lisiera_RIBA53447|title=Villa Valmarana, Lisiera|publisher=[[Royal Institute of British Architects]]|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626081516/https://www.ribapix.com/Villa-Valmarana-Lisiera_RIBA53447|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=n}} Although a statesman, his passion was architecture,{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976| pp=139–141}} and he developed an intense appreciation of Palladio's architectural concepts; his designs for the [[James Barbour]] [[Barboursville (James Barbour)|Barboursville]] estate, the [[Virginia State Capitol]], and the [[University of Virginia]] campus were all based on illustrations from Palladio's book.{{sfn|De Witt|Piper|2019|p=1}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/thomas-jeffersons-library/interactives/palladio-architecture/|title=Thomas Jefferson's Library – The architecture of A. Palladio|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816074222/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/thomas-jeffersons-library/interactives/palladio-architecture/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|In a letter to James Oldham, dated Christmas Eve 1804, Jefferson wrote, "there never was a Palladio here even in private hands until I brought one. I send you my portable edition. It contains only the 1st book on the [[Classical order|orders]], which is the essential part".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tjrs.monticello.org/letter/1820|title=Extract from Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham|date=24 December 1804|access-date=2 July 2022|publisher=Monticello.org|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703062858/https://tjrs.monticello.org/letter/1820|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=n}} Realising the political significance of ancient Roman architecture to the fledgling American Republic, Jefferson designed his civic buildings, such as [[The Rotunda (University of Virginia)|The Rotunda]],{{sfn|Farber|Reed|1980|p=107}} in the Palladian style, echoing in his buildings for the [[Republicanism in the United States|new republic]] examples from the [[Roman Republic|old]].{{sfn|Tavernor|1991|p=188}}

In [[Virginia]] and the [[Carolinas]], the Palladian style is found in numerous [[Plantation complexes in the Southeastern United States#Plantation house|plantation house]]s, such as [[Stratford Hall Plantation|Stratford Hall]],{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=121}} [[Westover Plantation]]{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=127}} and [[Drayton Hall]].{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=84}} Westover's north and south entrances, made of imported English [[Portland stone]], were patterned after a plate in William Salmon's ''Palladio Londinensis'' (1734).{{sfn|Severens|1981|p=37}}{{refn|Specifically, both doors seem to have been derived from plates XXV and XXVI of ''Palladio Londinensis'', a builder's guide first published in London in 1734, the year when the doorways may have been installed.{{sfn|Morrison|1952|p=340}}|group=n}} The distinctive feature of Drayton Hall, its two-storey portico, was derived from Palladio,{{sfn|Severens|1981|p=38}} as was [[Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia|Mount Airy]], in [[Richmond County, Virginia]], built in 1758–1762.{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|pp=107–111}} A particular feature of American Palladianism was the re-emergence of the great portico which, as in Italy, fulfilled the need of protection from the sun; the portico in various forms and size became a dominant feature of American colonial architecture. In the north European countries the portico had become a mere symbol, often closed, or merely hinted at in the design by pilasters, and sometimes in very late examples of English Palladianism adapted to become a [[porte-cochère]]; in America, the Palladian portico regained its full glory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbm.org/palladio-legacy-transatlantic-journey/|first=Calder|last=Loth|title=Palladio and his legacy – a transatlantic journey|publisher=[[National Building Museum]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628030930/https://www.nbm.org/palladio-legacy-transatlantic-journey/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:University of Virginia Rotunda in 2006.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Rotunda (University of Virginia)|The Rotunda]], [[University of Virginia]] (1822–1826)|alt=See caption]]

[[The White House]] in Washington, D.C., was inspired by Irish Palladianism.<ref name="auto"/> Its architect [[James Hoban]], who built the executive mansion between 1792 and 1800, was born in [[Callan, County Kilkenny|Callan]], [[County Kilkenny]], in 1762, the son of tenant farmers on the estate of [[Desart Court]], a Palladian House designed by Pearce.<ref>{{cite web|title=Co. Kilkenney, Desart Court|publisher=Dictionary of Irish Architects|url=https://www.dia.ie/works/view/13450/building/CO.+KILKENNY,+DESART+COURT|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723085447/https://www.dia.ie/works/view/13450/building/CO.+KILKENNY,+DESART+COURT|url-status=live}}</ref> He studied architecture in Dublin, where [[Leinster House]] (built {{circa|1747}}) was one of the finest Palladian buildings of the time.<ref name="auto"/> Both Cassel's Leinster House and [[James Wyatt]]'s [[Castle Coole]] have been cited as Hoban's inspirations for the White House but the more [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] design of that building, particularly of the South façade which closely resembles Wyatt's 1790 design for Castle Coole, suggests that Coole is perhaps the more direct [[progenitor]]. The architectural historian [[Gervase Jackson-Stops]] describes Castle Coole as "a culmination of the Palladian traditions, yet strictly neoclassical in its chaste ornament and noble austerity",{{sfn|Jackson-Stops|1990|p=106}} while Alistair Rowan, in his 1979 volume, ''North West Ulster'', of the [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|Buildings of Ireland]] series, suggests that, at Coole, Wyatt designed a building, "more massy, more masculine and more totally liberated from Palladian practice than anything he had done before."{{sfn|Rowan|1979|p=176}}

Because of its later development, Palladian architecture in Canada is rarer. In her 1984 study, ''Palladian Style in Canadian Architecture'', Nathalie Clerk notes its particular impact on public architecture, as opposed to the private houses in the United States.{{sfn|Clerk|1984|p=5}} One example of historical note is the [[Province House (Nova Scotia)|Nova Scotia Legislature building]], completed in 1819.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=14222&pid=0 |title=Province House National Historic Site of Canada |publisher=[[Canadian Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702194201/https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=14222&pid=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another example is [[Government House (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Government House]] in [[St. John's, Newfoundland]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=13399&pid=0 |title= Government House National Historic Site of Canada |publisher= [[Canadian Register of Historic Places]] |access-date= 19 June 2022 |archive-date= 2 July 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220702194558/https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=13399&pid=0 |url-status= live }}</ref>