Editing Pandanus (section)

==Uses==
''Pandanus'' has multiple uses, which is dependent in part on each type and location. Some ''Pandanus'' are a source of food, while others provide raw material for clothing, basket weaving and shelter. 

''Pandanus'' leaves are used for handicrafts. Artisans collect the leaves from plants in the wild, cutting only mature leaves so that the plant will naturally regenerate. The leaves are sliced into fine strips and sorted for further processing. Weavers produce basic pandan mats of standard size or roll the leaves into pandan ropes for other designs. This is followed by a coloring process, in which pandan mats are placed in drums with water-based colors. After drying, the colored mats are shaped into final products, such as placemats or jewelry boxes. Final color touch-ups may be applied. The species in Hawaiʻi are called ''hala'', and only the dry leaves ''(lauhala)'' are collected and used for [[Lauhala]] weaving. Traditions of weaving pandanus to source fabric material were widespread among [[Polynesians]] even as they migrated reaching colder latitudes (like the islands of New Zealand) where no pandanus grew, which later Māori generations simply adapted their [[Māori traditional textiles|skills]] with native plants like ''[[Phormium]]'' having superficially similar properties, even reflected in their names (e.g. the aforementioned ''[[Phormium tenax|harakeke]]'', and ''[[Phormium colensoi|wharariki]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=W. |last2=Heenan |first2=P.B. |title=Domestication of the New Zealand flora—an alternative view |journal=New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science |date=July 1992 |volume=20 |issue=3 |page=262 |doi=10.1080/01140671.1992.10421767}}</ref>

''Pandanus'' leaves from ''[[Pandanus amaryllifolius]]'' are used widely in Southeast Asian and South Asian cuisines to add a distinct aroma to various dishes and to complement flavors like chocolate. Because of their similarity in usage, pandan leaves are sometimes referred to as the "vanilla of Asia."<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Cook With Pandan, the Vanilla of Southeast Asia |url=https://www.saveur.com/how-to-cook-with-pandan-recipes |website=Saveur|date=10 March 2017 |access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discover Pandan Leaves, The Vanilla Of Southeast Asia|url=https://asianinspirations.com.au/in-the-kitchen/discover-pandan-leaves-the-vanilla-of-southeast-asia|website=Asian Inspirations|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025206/https://asianinspirations.com.au/in-the-kitchen/discover-pandan-leaves-the-vanilla-of-southeast-asia|archive-date=29 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wan|first1=Yan Ling |date=10 August 2018|title=Grocery Ninja: Pandan, the Asian Vanilla |website=SeriousEats |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/pandan-the-asian-vanilla|access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref> Fresh leaves are typically torn into strips, tied in a knot to facilitate removal, placed in the cooking liquid, then removed at the end of cooking. Dried leaves and bottled extract may be bought in some places. Finely sliced pandan leaves are used as fragrant confetti for Malay weddings, graves etc.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

Pandan leaves are known as ''Daun pandan'' in Indonesian and Malaysian Malay<!-- Do not treat "Malay" and "Indonesian" as separate linguistically, see Nothofer, Bernd (2009). "Malay". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World p. 678 -->; ''Dahon ng pandan'' ({{lit|pandan leaf}}) or simply ''pandan'' in Filipino; 斑蘭 (''bān lán'') in Mandarin; as ใบเตย (''bai toei''; {{IPA|th|bāj.tɤ̄ːj|pron}}) in Thai, ''lá dứa'' in Vietnamese; ''pulao data'' in Bengali; and ''rampe'' in Sinhalese and Hindi.

In India, particularly in Nicobar Islands, pandanus fruit is staple food of [[Shompen people]] and [[Nicobarese people]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-31 |title=The less known Shompens of Great Nicobar Island |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/shompens-men-outnumber-women/article7827582.ece |access-date=2022-11-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In Sri Lanka, pandan leaves are used heavily in both vegetable and meat dishes and are often grown in homes. It is common practice to add a few pieces of pandan leaf when cooking red or white rice as well.

In Southeast Asia, pandan leaves are mainly used in sweets such as [[coconut jam]] and [[pandan (cake)|pandan cake]]. In Indonesia and Malaysia, pandan is also added to rice and curry dishes such as ''[[nasi lemak]]''. In the Philippines, pandan leaves are commonly paired with coconut meat (a combination referred to as ''buko pandan'') in various desserts and drinks like ''[[maja blanca]]'' and ''[[gulaman]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Buko Pandan|url=https://www.aboutfilipinofood.com/buko-pandan/|website=About Filipino Food|access-date=28 April 2018|date=2016-11-30}}</ref>

In Indian cooking, the leaf is added whole to [[biryani]], a kind of rice [[pilaf]], made with ordinary rice (as opposed to that made with the premium-grade [[basmati]] rice). The basis for this use is that both basmati and pandan leaf contains the same aromatic flavoring ingredient, [[2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline|2-acetyl-1-pyrroline]]. In [[Sri Lanka]], pandan leaves are a major ingredient used in the country's cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kurma.net/glossary/g5.html|title=Cooking With Kurma - Glossary|website=kurma.net}}</ref>

''[[Kewra]]'' (also spelled ''Kevda'' or ''Kevada'') is an extract distilled from the pandan flower, used to flavor drinks and desserts in Indian cuisine. Also, ''kewra'' or ''kevada'' is used in religious worship, and the leaves are used to make hair ornaments worn for their fragrance as well as decorative purpose in western India.<ref name="google1"/>

Species with large and medium fruit are edible, notably the many cultivated forms of ''[[Pandanus tectorius|P.&nbsp;tectorius]]'' (''P.&nbsp;pulposus'') and ''[[Pandanus utilis|P.&nbsp;utilis]]''. The ripe fruit can be eaten raw or cooked,<ref name=Miller>{{cite journal |author1=Miller, C.D. |author2=Murai, M. |author3=Pen, F. |year=1956 |title=The Use of Pandanus Fruit As Food in Micronesia |journal=Pacific Science |volume=10 |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/8178/v10n1-3-16?sequence=1 |access-date=2014-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004202432/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/8178/v10n1-3-16?sequence=1 |archive-date=2015-10-04}}</ref> while partly ripe fruit should be cooked first.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |author=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=91 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> Small-fruited pandanus may be bitter and astringent.<ref name=Miller/>

[[Karuka]] nuts (''P. julianettii'') are an important staple food in New Guinea.<ref name="Lim">{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=Tong Kwee |title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-4053-2 |pages=128–130 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_17 |language=en |chapter=Pandanus julianettii |volume=4 |oclc=822591349}}</ref> Over 45 cultivated varieties are known.<ref name="Stilltoe">{{cite book |last1=Stilltoe |first1=Paul |title=Roots of the Earth: Crops in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea |date=1983 |publisher=Manchester university Press |location=Manchester, UK |isbn=978-0-7190-0874-0 |language=en |oclc=9556314 |lccn=82-62247}}</ref> Entire households will move,<ref name="Bourke88">{{cite book |last1=Bourke |first1=Richard Michael |title=Taim hangre: variation in subsistence food supply in the Papua New Guinea highlands |date=May 1988 |publisher=Australian National University |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320345192 |oclc=224338489 |access-date=27 September 2018 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> and in some areas will speak a [[pandanus language]] at harvest time.<ref name="Franklin">{{cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Karl J. |title=A Ritual Pandanus Language of New Guinea |journal=Oceania |date=September 1972 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=66–76 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1972.tb01197.x |language=en |oclc=883021898}}</ref><ref name="Stefaniw">{{cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Karl J. |last2=Stefaniw |first2=Roman |editor1-last=Dutton |editor1-first=Tom |title=Culture change, language change - case studies from Melanesia |date=1992 |publisher=Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-85883-411-8 |issn=0078-7558 |pages=1–6 |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145785/1/PL-C120.pdf |access-date=25 October 2018 |language=en |chapter=The 'Pandanus Languages' of the Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea - a further report |series=Pacific Linguistics |oclc=260177442 |doi=10.15144/PL-C120.1}}</ref>  The taste is like coconut<ref name="Lim"/><ref name="Stilltoe" /><ref name="Zebua">{{cite journal |last1=Zebua |first1=Lisye Iriana |last2=Purnamasari |first2=Vita |title=Oil of Pandan Kelapa Hutan (''Pandanus jiulianettii'' Martelli): Physicochemical Properties, Total Phenols, Total Carotene, Vitamin E and Antioxidant Activity |journal=Jurnal Biologi Udayana |date=26 January 2018 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=71–77 |doi=10.24843/JBIOUNUD.2017.vol21.i02.p05 |url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/BIO/article/view/37101 |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en |format=PDF |issn=2599-2856 |oclc=7347063503|doi-access=free }}</ref> or walnuts.<ref name="Purwanto">{{cite journal |last1=Purwanto |first1=Y. |last2=Munawaroh |first2=Esti |title=Etnobotani Jenis-Jenis Pandanaceae Sebagai Bahan Pangan di Indonesia |journal=Berkala Penelitian Hayati |date=2010 |volume=5A |pages=97–108 |doi=10.5072/FK2/Z6P0OQ |url=https://rin.lipi.go.id/file.xhtml;jsessionid=ccb24f0a337710227d6d5cecae10?fileId=1258&version=RELEASED&version=.1 |access-date=25 October 2018 |trans-title=Ethnobotany Types of Pandanaceae as Foodstuffs in Indonesia |language=id |format=PDF |issn=2337-389X |oclc=981032990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029232426/https://rin.lipi.go.id/file.xhtml;jsessionid=ccb24f0a337710227d6d5cecae10?fileId=1258&version=RELEASED&version=.1 |archive-date=29 October 2018}}</ref>

Throughout [[Oceania]], almost every part of the plant is used, with various species different from those used in Southeast Asian cooking. ''Pandanus'' trees provide materials for housing; clothing and textiles including the manufacture of [[Dillybag|dilly bags]] (carrying bags), fine mats or ''[[{{okina}}ie toga]]''; sails,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCoy |first1=Michael |year=1973 |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target= |title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging |journal=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]] |quote=As of 1973, all canoes on [[Satawal]] were using [[dacron]] sails sewn by the men themselves. Most Carolinian canoes had used canvas acquired during the Japanese presence in the islands. The people of Satawal, however, were reluctant to switch from the cumbersome pandanus-mat sails, probably because canoes and voyaging were included in the elaborate pre-Christian taboo system. Christianity took hold on Satawal during the decades after World War II, and the Islanders then used canvas. When I and Gary Mount, as Peace Corps volunteers, demonstrated the obvious superiority of dacron over the canvas with only a 4-inch square sample, the men agreed to purchase sails for the canoes of the island. As word of the superiority of dacron spread, the people of [[Ifalik]], [[Elato]], [[Woleai]], [[Pulusuk]], [[Pulap]], and [[Puluwat]] have equipped at least one canoe on each island with dacron.}}</ref> food, medication,{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} decorations, fishing, and religious uses. In the Vanuatu Archipelago, natives make woven fish traps from the hard interior root of the pandanus, made like a cage having a narrow entrance.<ref>SLICE documentary, {{YouTube|CCf_gwRyhjQ|The men of the big rock {{!}} SLICE {{!}} Full documentary}}, The Isle of [[Futuna Island, Vanuatu|Futuna]] / April 2022, minutes 18:39–ff.</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Südseeabteilung in Ethnological Museum Berlin 134.JPG|[[Crab claw sail]] woven from pandan leaves on a ''[[tepukei]]'', an ocean-going [[outrigger canoe]] from [[Temotu Province|Temotu]], [[Solomon Islands]]
|Kinab-anan Farm basket.jpg|A ''bayong'', a traditional [[Philippines|Philippine]] basket woven from karagumoy (''P.&nbsp;simplex'') leaves in the hexagonal ''kinab-anan'' pattern
|Sifon pandan.JPG|[[Pandan cake]] flavoured with pandan leaf extract
|Sama woman making a traditional mat.JPG|A [[Sama-Bajau|Sama]] woman making a traditional mat (''tepoh'') from pandan leaves in [[Semporna District|Semporna]], [[Sabah]], Malaysia
}}