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Paraphyly
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== Linguistics == {{main|Tree model}} The concept of paraphyly has also been applied to [[historical linguistics]], where the methods of [[cladistics]] have found some utility in comparing languages. For instance, the [[Formosan languages]] form a paraphyletic group of the [[Austronesian languages]] because they consist of the nine branches of the Austronesian family that are not [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] and are restricted to the island of [[Taiwan]].<ref>Greenhill, Simon J. and Russell D. Gray. (2009.) "Austronesian Language and Phylogenies: Myths and Misconceptions About Bayesian Computational Methods", in ''Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: a Festschrift for Robert Blust'', edited by Alexander Adelaar and Andrew Pawley. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The [[Australian National University]].</ref>
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