Editing Passiflora (section)

== Uses ==

===Ornamental===
[[File:Flickr - ggallice - Passiflora, Gainesville.jpg|thumb|''[[Passiflora incarnata]]'', one of the most common passion flowers]]

A number of species of ''Passiflora'' are cultivated outside their natural range for both their flowers and fruit. Hundreds of hybrids have been named; hybridizing is currently being done extensively for flowers, foliage and fruit. The following hybrids and cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:
*'Amethyst'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/56115/Passiflora-Amethyst/Details |title=RHS Plant Selector Passiflora 'Amethyst' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref>
*[[Passiflora × exoniensis|''P.'' × ''exoniensis'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/76115/Passiflora-x-exoniensis/Details |title=RHS Plant Selector Passiflora × exoniensis AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref> (Exeter passion flower)
*[[Passiflora × violacea|''P.'' × ''violacea'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/60660/Passiflora-x-violacea/Details |title=RHS Plant Selector Passiflora × violacea AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref>

During the [[Victorian era]] the flower (which in all but a few species lasts only one day) was very popular, and many hybrids were created using the [[winged-stem passion flower]] (''P.&nbsp;alata''), the [[blue passion flower]] (''P.&nbsp;caerulea'') and other tropical species.

Many cool-growing ''Passiflora'' from the Andes Mountains can be grown successfully for their beautiful flowers and fruit in cooler Mediterranean climates, such as the [[Monterey Bay]] and [[San Francisco]] in [[California]] and along the western coast of the U.S. into [[Canada]]. One blue passion flower or hybrid even grew to large size at [[Malmö Central Station]] in [[Sweden]].<ref>Petersen (1966)</ref>

Passion flowers have been a subject of studies investigating [[extranuclear inheritance]]; [[paternal]] inheritance of [[chloroplast]] DNA has been documented in this genus.<ref>E.g. Hansen ''et al.'' (2006)</ref> The [[plastome]] of the [[two-flowered passion flower]] (''P.&nbsp;biflora'') has been [[DNA sequencing|sequenced]].

===Fruit===
{{see also|Passion fruit (fruit)}}
[[File:Passion fruits - whole and halved.jpg|thumb|Ripe fruits of ''[[Passiflora edulis]]'']]

Most species have round or elongated edible fruit.

* The [[Passiflora edulis|passion fruit]] or {{lang|es|maracujá}} (''P. edulis'') is cultivated extensively in the [[Caribbean]], [[South America]], south [[Florida]] and [[South Africa]] for its fruit, which is used as a source of juice. A small pink fruit that wrinkles easily and a larger shiny yellow to orange fruit are traded under this name. The latter is usually considered just a [[variety (biology)|variety]] of ''flavicarpa'', but seems to be more distinct.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* [[Sweet granadilla]] (''P. ligularis'') is another widely grown species. In large parts of [[Africa]]  it is the plant called "passionfruit": confusingly, in [[South Africa]]n English the latter species is more often called ''granadilla'' (without an adjective). Its fruit is somewhat intermediate between the two sold as ''P.&nbsp;edulis''.
* [[Maypop]] (''P. incarnata''), a common species in the southeastern US. This is a subtropical representative of this mostly tropical family. However, unlike the more tropical cousins, this particular species is hardy enough to withstand the cold down to {{convert|-20|C|F}} before its roots die (it is native as far north as [[Pennsylvania]] and has been cultivated as far north as [[Boston]] and [[Chicago]].) The fruit is sweet, yellowish, and roughly the size of a chicken's egg; it enjoys some popularity as a native plant with edible fruit and few [[pest (organism)|pests]].
* [[Giant granadilla]] (giant tumbo or ''badea'', ''P.&nbsp;quadrangularis''), [[water lemon]] (''P.laurifolia'') and [[sweet calabash]] (''P. maliformis'') are ''Passiflora'' species locally famed for their fruit,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Granadilla|volume=12|page=336}}</ref> but not widely known elsewhere {{as of|2008|lc=on}}.{{cn|date=October 2022<!-- this was added without support in 2008-->}}
* The [[Passiflora caerulea|blue passionflower]] (''Passiflora caerulea'') produces bright orange fruit with numerous seeds. While the fruit is edible, it is often described as being bland in comparison to other edible passionfruit, or with a flavour vaguely similar to [[Blackberry|blackberries]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Passiflora caerulea (Blue Passion Flower) |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/passiflora-caerulea-blue-passion-flower |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Gardenia.net |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Passiflora vesicaria|Wild maracuja]] are the fruit of ''P.&nbsp;vesicaria'', which are popular in [[Southeast Asia]].
* [[Banana passionfruit]]s are the very elongated fruits of [[Passiflora tripartita|''P.&nbsp;tripartita'' var. ''mollissima'']] and ''[[Passiflora tarminiana|P.&nbsp;tarminiana]]''. These are locally eaten, but their invasive properties make them a poor choice to grow outside of their native range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/impact.htm |title=Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai'i's Native Biota |author=Smith, Clifford W. |publisher=University of Hawaii |access-date=8 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713071816/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/impact.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=6142 |title=Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States |author= The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health and the National Park Service |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref>

===Ayahuasca analog===
A native source of [[beta-carboline]]s (e.g., passion flower in North America) is mixed with ''[[Desmanthus illinoensis]]'' (Illinois bundleflower) root bark to produce a hallucinogenic drink called prairiehuasca, which is an analog of the shamanic brew [[ayahuasca]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hegnauer, R. |author2=Hegnauer, M. |year=1996  |title=Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae Volume 1 Part 2 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9783764351656 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUV8C6iLFkEC |page=199}}</ref>

===Traditional medicine and dietary supplement===

''[[Passiflora incarnata]]'' (maypop) leaves and roots have a long history of use as a [[traditional medicine]] by [[Indigenous people of the Americas|Native Americans]] in North America and were adapted by [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonists]].<ref name="nih">{{cite web |title=Passionflower |url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/passionflower |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=30 October 2019 |date=1 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Passion flower |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/passion-flower.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=30 October 2019 |date=1 July 2018}}</ref> The fresh or dried leaves of maypop are used to make a tea that is used as a [[sedative]].<ref name=nih/> Passionflower as dried powder or an [[extract]] is used as a [[dietary supplement]].<ref name=nih/> There is insufficient [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] for using passionflower to treat any medical condition.<ref name=nih/><ref name=drugs/>

Passionflower is classified as [[generally recognized as safe]] for use as a [[food ingredient]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.510|title=Permitted Flavoring Agents and Related Substances; In: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|date=1 April 2019|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>