Editing Pathophysiology (section)

====Scientific medicine====

The American physician [[William Henry Welch|William Welch]] trained in German pathology from 1876 to 1878, including under [[Julius Cohnheim|Cohnheim]], and opened America's first scientific laboratory —a pathology laboratory— at [[Bellevue Hospital]] in New York City in 1878.<ref name=Silverman>{{cite journal | author = Silverman BD | title = William Henry Welch (1850-1934): The road to Johns Hopkins | journal = Proceedings | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–42 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21738298 | pmc = 3124910 | doi=10.1080/08998280.2011.11928722}}</ref>  Welch's course drew enrollment from students at other medical schools, which responded by opening their own pathology laboratories.<ref name=Silverman/>  Once appointed by [[Daniel Coit Gilman]], upon advice by [[John Shaw Billings]], as founding dean of the medical school of the newly forming [[Johns Hopkins University]] that Gilman, as its first president, was planning, Welch traveled again to Germany for training in Koch's bacteriology in 1883.<ref name=Silverman/>  Welch returned to America but moved to Baltimore, eager to overhaul American medicine, while blending Virchow's anatomical pathology, Cohnheim's experimental pathology, and Koch's bacteriology.<ref name=Benson>{{cite journal | author = Benson KR | title = Welch, Sedgwick, and the Hopkins model of hygiene | journal = The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine | volume = 72 | issue = 5 | pages = 313–20 | year = 1999 | pmid = 11049162 | pmc = 2579023 }}</ref>  Hopkins medical school, led by the "Four Horsemen" —Welch, [[William Osler]], [[Howard A. Kelly|Howard Kelly]], and [[William Stewart Halsted|William Halsted]]— opened at last in 1893 as America's first medical school devoted to teaching German scientific medicine, so called.<ref name=Silverman/>