Editing Performativity (section)

=== John Searle ===
In ''[[A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts]]'', [[John Searle]] takes up and reformulates the ideas of his colleague [[J. L. Austin]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Searle |first=John |author-link=John Searle |title=Expression and meaning : studies in the theory of speech acts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1979}}</ref> Though Searle largely supports and agrees with Austin's theory of speech acts, he has a number of critiques, which he outlines: "In sum, there are (at least) six related difficulties with Austin's taxonomy; in ascending order of importance: there is a persistent confusion between verbs and acts, not all the verbs are illocutionary verbs, there is too much overlap of the categories, too much heterogeneity within the categories, many of the verbs listed in the categories don't satisfy the definition given for the category and, most important, there is no consistent principle of classification."<ref>{{cite book |last=Searle |first=John |author-link=John Searle |title=Expression and meaning : studies in the theory of speech acts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1979 |pages=12}}</ref>

His last key departure from Austin lies in Searle's claim that four of his universal 'acts' do not need 'extra-linguistic' contexts to succeed.<ref name="John1979">{{cite book |last=Searle |first=John |author-link=John Searle |title=Expression and meaning : studies in the theory of speech acts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1979 |pages=7}}</ref> As opposed to Austin who thinks all illocutionary acts need extra-linguistic institutions, Searle disregards the necessity of context and replaces it with the "rules of language".<ref name="John1979" />