Editing Peripatric speciation (section)

== Evidence ==
{{see also|Allopatric speciation#Observational evidence}}
Observational evidence and laboratory experiments support the occurrence of peripatric speciation. [[Island]]s and [[archipelago]]s are often the subject of speciation studies in that they represent isolated populations of organisms. Island species provide direct evidence of speciation occurring peripatrically in such that, "the presence of [[endemism|endemic]] species on oceanic islands whose closest relatives inhabit a nearby [[continent]]" must have originated by a colonization event.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|106–107}} Comparative [[phylogeography]] of oceanic [[archipelago]]s shows consistent patterns of sequential colonization and speciation along island chains, most notably on the [[Azores]] islands, [[Canary Islands]], [[Society Islands]], [[Marquesas Islands]], [[Galápagos Islands]], [[Austral Islands]], and the Hawaiian Islands—all of which express geological patterns of spatial isolation and, in some cases, linear arrangement.<ref>{{Citation |title=Comparative phylogeography of oceanic archipelagos: Hotspots for inferences of evolutionary process |author=Kerry L. Shaw & Rosemary G. Gillespie |journal=PNAS |year=2016 |volume=113 |issue=29 |pages=7986–7993 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1601078113 |pmid=27432948 |pmc=4961166 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.7986S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Peripatric speciation also occurs on continents, as isolation of small populations can occur through various geographic and [[Biological dispersal|dispersion]] events. Laboratory studies have been conducted where populations of ''[[Drosophila]]'', for example, are separated from one another and evolve in reproductive isolation.

=== Hawaiian archipelago ===
{{multiple image|direction=vertical |width=300 |image1=Hawaii speciation (Drosophila and Cyanea colonization).png |caption1=Colonization events of species from the genus ''[[Cyanea (plant)|Cyanea]]'' (green) and species from the genus ''[[Drosophila]]'' (blue) on the Hawaiian island chain. Islands age from left to right, ([[Kauai]] being the oldest and [[Hawaii]] being the youngest). Speciation arises peripatrically as they spatiotemporally colonize new islands along the chain. Lighter blue and green indicate colonization in the reverse direction from young-to-old. |image2=Theridion grallator colonization pattern (Hawaiian volcano populations).png |caption2=A map of the Hawaiian archipelago showing the colonization routes of ''[[Theridion grallator]]'' superimposed. Purple lines indicate colonization occurring in conjunction with island age where light purple indicates backwards colonization. ''T. grallator'' is not present on Kauai or [[Niihau]] so colonization may have occurred from there, or the nearest continent.|image3=Elepaio colonization of Hawaiian archipelago.png |caption3=The sequential colonization and speciation of the [[w:‘Elepaio|‘Elepaio]] subspecies along the Hawaiian island chain.}}
''[[Drosophila]]'' species on the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian archipelago]] have helped researchers understand speciation processes in great detail. It is well established that ''Drosophila'' has undergone an [[adaptive radiation]] into hundreds of [[Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands|endemic species on the Hawaiian island chain]];<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|107}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Modes and Mechanisms of Speciation |author=Hannes Schuler, Glen R. Hood, Scott P. Egan, & Jeffrey L. Feder |editor1-first=Robert A |editor1-last=Meyers |journal=Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine |year=2016 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=60–93 |doi=10.1002/3527600906 |isbn=9783527600908 }}</ref> originating from a single common ancestor (supported from molecular analysis).<ref>DeSalle R. (1995). Molecular approaches to biogeographic analysis of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Pp. 72-89 ''in'' W.L. Wagner and V.A. Funk (eds.) ''Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolution on a Hot-Spot Archipeligo.'' Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.</ref> Studies consistently find that colonization of each island occurred from older to younger islands, and in ''Drosophila'', speciating peripatrically at least fifty percent of the time.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|108}} In conjunction with ''Drosophila'', Hawaiian lobeliads (''[[Cyanea (plant)|Cyanea]]'') have also undergone an adaptive radiation, with upwards of twenty-seven percent of [[extant taxon|extant]] species arising after new island colonization—exemplifying peripatric speciation—once again, occurring in the old-to-young island direction.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Adaptive plant evolution on islands: classical patterns, molecular data, new insights |author=T. J. Givnish |journal=Evolution on Islands |year=1998 |volume=281 |page=304 }}</ref><ref>T. J. Givnish, K. J. Sytsma, W. J. Hahn, and J. F. Smith. (1995). Molecular evolution, adaptive radiation, and geographic speciation in ''Cyanea'' (Campanulaceae, Lobeliodeae). Pp. 259-301 ''in'' W.L. Wagner and V.A. Funk (eds.) ''Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolution on a Hot-Spot Archipeligo.'' Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae) |author=Thomas J. Givnish, Kendra C. Millam, Austin R. Mast, Thomas B. Paterson, Terra J. Theim, Andrew L. Hipp, Jillian M. Henss, James F. Smith, Kenneth R. Wood, & Kenneth J. Sytsma |journal=Proc. R. Soc. B |year=2009 |volume=276 |issue= 1656|pages=407–416 |doi= 10.1098/rspb.2008.1204|pmid=18854299 |pmc=2664350 }}</ref>

Other endemic species in Hawaii also provide evidence of peripatric speciation such as the endemic flightless crickets (''[[Laupala]]''). It has been estimated that, "17 species out of 36 well-studied cases of [''Laupala''] speciation were peripatric".<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|108}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Conflict between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies of a recent species radiation: What mtDNA reveals and conceals about modes of speciation in Hawaiian crickets| author=Kerry L. Shaw| journal=PNAS| year=2002| volume=99| issue=25| pages=16122–16127| doi=10.1073/pnas.242585899| pmid=12451181| pmc=138575| bibcode=2002PNAS...9916122S| doi-access=free}}</ref> Plant species in genera's such as ''[[Dubautia]]'', ''[[Wilkesia]]'', and ''[[Argyroxiphium]]'' have also radiated along the archipelago.<ref>{{Citation |title=Evolution in the Madiinae: Evidence from Enzyme Electrophoresis |author=Martha S. Witter |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |year=1990 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2399630|jstor=2399630 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/7543 }}</ref> Other animals besides insects show this same pattern such as the Hawaiian amber snail (''[[Succinea caduca]]''),<ref>{{Citation |title=A geographic mosaic of passive dispersal: population structure in the endemic Hawaiian amber snail Succinea caduca (Mighels, 1845) |author=Brenden S. Holland and Robert H. Cowie |journal=Molecular Ecology |year=2007 |volume=16 |issue= 12|pages=2422–2435 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03246.x |pmid=17561903 |bibcode=2007MolEc..16.2422H |s2cid=32193624 }}</ref> and [[‘Elepaio]] flycatchers.<ref>{{Citation |title=Stepping stone speciation in Hawaii's flycatchers: molecular divergence supports new island endemics within the elepaio |author=Eric A. VanderWerf, Lindsay C. Young, Norine W. Yeung, & David B. Carlon |journal=Conservation Genetics |year=2010 |volume=11 |issue= 4|pages=1283–1298 |doi=10.1007/s10592-009-9958-1 |bibcode=2010ConG...11.1283V |s2cid=35883704 }}</ref>

''[[Tetragnatha]]'' spiders have also speciated peripatrically on the Hawaiian islands,<ref>Rosemary G. Gillespie & H. B. Croom. (1995). Comparison of speciation mechanisms in web-building and non-web-building groups within a lineage of spiders. In W.L. Wagner & V.A. Funk (eds.) ''Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolution on a Hot-Spot Archipeligo'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. Pp. 121-146.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Geographical context of speciation in a radiation of Hawaiian ''Tetragnatha'' spiders (Aranae, Tetragnathidae |author=Rosemary G. Gillespie |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |year=2005 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=313–322 |doi=10.1636/05-15.1|s2cid=11856750 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228841 }}</ref> Numerous arthropods have been documented existing in patterns consistent with the geologic evolution of the island chain, in such that, phylogenetic reconstructions find younger species inhabiting the geologically younger islands and older species inhabiting the older islands<ref>{{Citation |title=Community Assembly Through Adaptive Radiation in Hawaiian Spiders |author=Rosemary G. Gillespie |journal=Science |year=2004 |volume=303 |issue=5656 |pages=356–359 |doi=10.1126/science.1091875 |pmid=14726588 |bibcode=2004Sci...303..356G |s2cid=7748888 }}</ref> (or in some cases, ancestors date back to when islands currently below sea level were exposed). Spiders such as those from the genus ''[[Orsonwelles]]'' exhibit patterns compatible with the old-to-young geology.<ref>{{Citation |title=Speciation on a Conveyor Belt: Sequential Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands by Orsonwelles Spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae) |author=Gustavo Hormiga, Miquel Arnedo, and Rosemary G. Gillespie |journal=Systematic Biology |year=2003 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=70–88 |doi=10.1080/10635150390132786 |pmid=12554442 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other endemic genera such as ''[[Argyrodes]]'' have been shown to have speciated along the island chain.<ref>Rosemary G. Gillespie, Malia A. J. Rivera, & Jessica E. Garb. (1998). Sun, surf and spiders: taxonomy and phylogeography of Hawaiian Araneae. ''Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology''.</ref> ''[[Pagiopalus]]'', ''[[Pedinopistha]]'', and part of the family [[Thomisidae]] have adaptively radiated along the island chain,<ref>{{Citation |title=An Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Thomisidae: Biogreographic and Genetic Evidence| author=Jessica E. Garb |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |year=1999 |volume=27 |pages=71–78 }}</ref> as well as the wolf spider family, [[Lycosidae]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The cavernicolous fauna of Hawaiian lava tubes. 3. Araneae (Spiders) |author=W. J. Gertsch |journal=Pacific Insects |year=1973 |volume=15 |pages=163–180}}</ref>

A host of other Hawaiian endemic arthropod species and genera have had their speciation and phylogeographical patterns studied: the ''[[Drosophila grimshawi]]'' species complex,<ref>{{Citation |title=Phylogeny of the Island Populations of the Hawaiian Drosophila grimshawi Complex: Evidence from Combined Data |author=Fabio Piano, Elysse M. Craddock, & Michael P. Kambysellis |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=1997 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=173–184 |doi= 10.1006/mpev.1996.0387|pmid=9126558 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1997MolPE...7..173P }}</ref> [[damselflies]] (''[[Megalagrion]] xanthomelas'' and ''Megalagrion pacificum''),<ref>{{Citation |title=Phylogeographic patterns of Hawaiian Megalagrion damselflies (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) correlate with Pleistocene island boundaries |author=Steve Jordan, [[Chris Simon (biologist)|Chris Simon]], David Foote, and Ronald A. Englund |journal=Molecular Ecology |year=2005 |volume=14 |issue= 11|pages=3457–3470 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02669.x |pmid=16156815 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.3457J |s2cid=42614215 }}</ref> ''[[Doryonychus raptor]]'', ''[[Littorophiloscia hawaiiensis]]'', ''[[Anax strenuus]]'', ''[[Nesogonia blackburni]]'', ''[[Theridion grallator]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Colonization history and population genetics of the color-polymorphic Hawaiian happy-face spider ''Theridion grallator'' (Araneae, Theridiidae) |author=Peter J. P. Croucher, Geoff S. Oxford, Athena Lam, Neesha Mody, & Rosemary G. Gillespie |journal=Evolution |year=2012 |volume=66 |issue=9 |pages=2815–2833 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01653.x|pmid=22946805 |s2cid=28684202 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Vanessa tameamea]]'', ''[[Hyalopeplus pellucidus]]'', ''[[Coleotichus blackburniae]]'', ''[[Labula]]'', ''[[Hawaiioscia]]'', ''[[Banza (insect)|Banza]]'' (in the family [[Tettigoniidae]]), ''[[Caconemobius]]'', ''[[Eupethicea]]'', ''[[Ptycta]]'', ''[[Megalagrion]]'', ''[[Prognathogryllus]]'', ''[[Nesosydne]]'', ''[[Cephalops]]'', ''[[Trupanea]]'', and the tribe [[Platynini]]—all suggesting repeated radiations among the islands.<ref>{{Citation |title=Speciation and phylogeography of Hawaiian terrestrial arthropods |author=G. K. Roderick & R. G. Gillespie |journal=Molecular Ecology |year=1998 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=519–531 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00309.x|pmid=9628003 |bibcode=1998MolEc...7..519R |s2cid=29359389 }}</ref>

=== Other islands ===
Phylogenetic studies of a species of crab spider (''[[Misumenops rapaensis]]'') in the genus [[Thomisidae]] located on the [[Austral Islands]] have established the, "sequential colonization of [the] lineage down the Austral archipelago toward younger islands". ''M. rapaensis'' has been traditionally thought of as a single species; whereas this particular study found distinct genetic differences corresponding to the sequential age of the islands.<ref>{{Citation |title=Island hopping across the central Pacific: mitochondrial DNA detects sequential colonization of the Austral Islands by crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae) |author=Jessica E. Garb & Rosemary G. Gillespie |journal=Journal of Biogeography |year=2006 |volume=33 |issue= 2| pages=201–220 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01398.x |bibcode=2006JBiog..33..201G |s2cid=43087290 }}</ref> The [[Scrophularia|figwart]] plant species ''Scrophularia lowei'' is thought to have arisen through a peripatric speciation event, with the more widespread mainland species, ''Scrophularia arguta'' dispersing to the [[Macaronesia]]n islands.<ref>{{Citation|title=Peripatric speciation in an endemic Macaronesian plant after recent divergence from a widespread relative |author=Francisco J. Valtueña, Tomás Rodríguez-Riaño, Josefa López, Carlos Mayo, and Ana Ortega-Olivencia |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2017 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=e0178459 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0178459 |pmid=28575081 |pmc=5456078 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1278459V |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=''Scrophularia arguta'', a widespread annual plant in the Canary Islands: a single recent colonization event or a more complex phylogeographic pattern? |author=Francisco J. Valtueña, Josefa López, Juan Álvarez, Tomás Rodríguez-Riaño, and Ana Ortega-Olivencia |journal=Ecology and Evolution |year=2016 |volume=6 |issue=13 |pages=4258–4273 |doi=10.1002/ece3.2109 |pmid=27386073 |pmc=4930978 |bibcode=2016EcoEv...6.4258V }}</ref> Other members of the same genus have also arisen by single colonization events between the islands.<ref>{{Citation|title=Multiple windows of colonization to Macaronesia by the dispersal-unspecialized ''Scrophularia'' since the Late Miocene |author=María L. Navarro-Péreza, Pablo Vargas, Mario Fernández-Mazuecos, Josefa López, Francisco J. Valtueña, and Ana Ortega-Olivencia |journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics |year=2015 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=263–273 |doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2015.05.002 |bibcode=2015PPEES..17..263N }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Diversification of ''Scrophularia'' (Scrophulariaceae) in the Western Mediterranean and Macaronesia – Phylogenetic relationships, reticulate evolution and biogeographic patterns |author=AgnesScheunert and Günther Heubl |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2014 |volume=70 |pages=296–313 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.023 |pmid=24096055 |bibcode=2014MolPE..70..296S }}</ref>

=== Species patterns on continents ===
{{multiple image|align=left |direction=vertical |width=220 |image1=Sciaphylax hemimelaena - Southern chestnut-tailed antbird (male).jpg |caption1=The southern chestnut-tailed [[antbird]], ''[[Southern chestnut-tailed antbird|Sciaphylax hemimelaena]]'' |image2=Bolivia - Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (forest isolate).png |caption2=Satellite image of the [[Noel Kempff Mercado National Park]] (outlined in green) in [[Bolivia]], [[South America]]. The white arrow indicates the location of the isolated forest fragment.}}
The occurrence of peripatry on continents is more difficult to detect due to the possibility of vicariant explanations being equally likely.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|110}} However, studies concerning the Californian plant species ''[[Clarkia]] biloba'' and ''C. lingulata'' strongly suggest a peripatric origin.<ref>{{Citation |title=The origin of ''Clarkia lingulata''|author=H. Lewis & M. R. Roberts |journal=Evolution |year=1956 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=126–138 |doi=10.2307/2405888|jstor=2405888 }}</ref> In addition, a great deal of research has been conducted on several species of land snails involving [[chirality]] that suggests peripatry (with some authors noting other possible interpretations).<ref name="Speciation" />{{rp|111}}

The [[Southern chestnut-tailed antbird|chestnut-tailed antbird]] (''Sciaphylax hemimelaena'') is located within the [[Noel Kempff Mercado National Park]] (Serrania de Huanchaca) in Bolivia. Within this region exists a forest fragment estimated to have been isolated for 1000–3000 years. The population of ''S. hemimelaena'' antbirds that reside in the isolated patch express significant song divergence; thought to be an "early step" in the process of peripatric speciation. Further, peripheral isolation "may partly explain the dramatic diversification of [[Tyranni|suboscines]] in [[Amazon rainforest|Amazonia]]".<ref name="ST2007"/>

The montane spiny throated reed frog [[species complex]] (genus: ''[[Hyperolius]]'') originated through occurrences of peripatric speciation events. Lucinda P. Lawson maintains that the species' geographic ranges within the Eastern [[Afromontane]] Biodiversity Hotspot support a peripatric model that is driving speciation; suggesting that this mode of speciation may play a significant role in "highly fragmented ecosystems".<ref name="Lawson"/>

In a study of the phylogeny and biogeography of the land snail genus ''[[Monacha]]'', the species ''M. ciscaucasica'' is thought to have speciated peripatrically from a population of ''M. roseni''. In addition, ''M. claussi'' consists of a small population located on the peripheral of the much larger range of ''M. subcarthusiana'' suggesting that it also arose by peripatric speciation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the land snail genus Monacha (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) |author=Marco T. Neiber & Bernhard Hausdorf |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=46 |issue=3 |year=2016 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12218 |s2cid=88655961 }}</ref>

{{multiple image|align=right |image1=Picea mariana cones.jpg |width1=800 |caption1=Foliage and cones of ''[[Picea mariana]]'' |image2=Picea rubens UGA5349098.jpg |width2=800 |caption2=Foliage and cones of ''[[Picea rubens]]'' |total_width=350 |height1=500 |height2=500}}
Red spruce (''[[Picea rubens]]'') has arisen from an isolated population of black spruce (''[[Picea mariana]]''). During the [[Pleistocene]], a population of black spruce became geographically isolated, likely due to [[glaciation]]. The geographic range of the black spruce is much larger than the red spruce. The red spruce has significantly lower genetic diversity in both its DNA and its [[mitochondrial DNA]] than the black spruce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Genetic diversity and population structure of red spruce (Picea rubens) |author=Gary J. Hawley & Donald H. DeHayes |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |year=1994 |volume=72 |issue=12 |pages=1778–1786 |doi=10.1139/b94-219 }}</ref><ref name="Jaramillo-Correa and Bousquet">{{Citation |title=New evidence from mitochondrial DNA of a progenitor-derivative species relationship between black and red spruce (Pinaceae) |author=Juan P. Jaramillo-Correa & Jean Bousquet |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2003 |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=1801–1806 |doi= 10.3732/ajb.90.12.1801 |pmid=21653356}}</ref> Furthermore, the genetic variation of the red spruce has no unique mitochondrial [[haplotype]]s, only subsets of those in the black spruce; suggesting that the red spruce speciated peripatrically from the black spruce population.<ref>{{Citation |title=Cross-species amplification of mitochondrial DNA sequence-tagged-site markers in conifers: the nature of polymorphism and variation within and among species in Picea |author=J. P. Jaramillo-Correa, J. Bousquet, J. Beaulieu, N. Isabel, M. Perron, & M. Bouillé |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |year=2003 |volume=106 |issue= 8| pages=1353–1367 |doi=10.1007/s00122-002-1174-z |pmid=12750779 |s2cid=21097661 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Diverging patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA diversity in subarctic black spruce: imprint of a founder effect associated with postglacial colonization |author=Isabelle Gamache, Juan P. Jaramillo-Correa, Sergey Payette, & Jean Bousquet |journal=Molecular Ecology |year=2003 |volume=12 |issue= 4|pages=891–901 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01800.x|pmid=12753210 |bibcode=2003MolEc..12..891G |s2cid=20234158 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Evidence from sequence-tagged-site markers of a recent progenitor-derivative species pair in conifers |author=Martin Perron, Daniel J. Perry, Christophe Andalo, & Jean Bousquet |journal=PNAS |year=2000 |volume=97 |issue=21 |pages=11331–11336 |doi=10.1073/pnas.200417097|pmid=11016967 |pmc=17200 |bibcode=2000PNAS...9711331P |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is thought that the entire genus ''[[Picea]]'' in North America has diversified by the process of peripatric speciation, as numerous pairs of closely related species in the genus have smaller southern population ranges; and those with overlapping ranges often exhibit weak reproductive isolation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Species crossability in Spruce in relation to distribution and taxonomy |author=J. W. Wright|journal=Forest Science |year=1955 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=319–349 }}</ref><ref name="Jaramillo-Correa and Bousquet" />

Using a phylogeographic approach paired with [[Environmental niche modelling|ecological niche models]] (''i.e.'' prediction and identification of expansion and contraction species ranges into suitable habitats based on current [[ecological niche]]s, correlated with fossil and molecular data), researchers found that the [[prairie dog]] species ''[[Cynomys mexicanus]]'' speciated peripatrically from ''[[Cynomys ludovicianus]]'' approximately 230,000 years ago. North American glacial cycles promoted range expansion and contraction of the prairie dogs, leading to the isolation of a relic population in a [[Refugium (population biology)|refugium]] located in the present day [[Coahuila]], Mexico.<ref name=GCM2016>{{Citation |title=Peripatric speciation of an endemic species driven by Pleistocene climate change: The case of the Mexican prairie dog (''Cynomys mexicanus'') |author=Gabriela Castellanos-Morales, Niza Gámez, Reyna A. Castillo-Gámez, & Luis E. Eguiarte| journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution  |year=2016 |volume=94 |issue=Pt A|pages=171–181 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.027 |pmid=26343460|bibcode=2016MolPE..94..171C }}</ref> This distribution and [[paleobiogeography|paleobiogeographic]] pattern correlates with other species expressing similar biographic range patterns<ref name=GCM2016/> such as with the ''[[Sorex cinereus]]'' complex.<ref>{{Citation |title=A climate for speciation: Rapid spatial diversification within the ''Sorex cinereus'' complex of shrews |author=Andrew G. Hope, Kelly A. Speer, John R. Demboski, Sandra L. Talbot, & Joseph A. Cook |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2012 |volume=64 |issue= 3|pages=671–684 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.021 |pmid=22652055 |bibcode=2012MolPE..64..671H }}</ref>

=== Laboratory experiments  ===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
!Species
!Replicates
!Year
|-
|''[[Drosophila adiastola]]''
|1
|1979<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethological Isolation Between Two Stocks of ''Drosophila Adiastola'' Hardy |author=Lorna H. Arita & Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro |journal=Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. |year=1979 |volume=13 |pages=31–34 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Drosophila silvestris]]''
|1
|1980<ref>{{Citation |title=Evolution of behavioral reproductive isolation in a laboratory stock of ''Drosophila silvestris'' |author=J. N. Ahearn |journal=Experientia |year=1980 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=63–64 |doi=10.1007/BF02003975 |s2cid=43809774 }}</ref>
|-
|''Drosophila pseudoobscura''
|8
|1985<ref>{{Citation|title=Founder-Flush Speciation: An Update of Experimental Results with ''Drosophila'' |year=1985 |author=Diane M. B. Dodd & Jeffrey R. Powell |journal=Evolution |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1388–1392 |pmid=28564258 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05704.x |s2cid=34137489 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Drosophila simulans]]''
|8
|1985<ref>{{Citation |title=An Experiment Testing Two Hypotheses of Speciation |author=John Ringo, David Wood, Robert Rockwell, & Harold Dowse |journal=The American Naturalist |year=1985 |volume=126 |issue=5 |pages=642–661 |doi=10.1086/284445|bibcode=1985ANat..126..642R |s2cid=84819968 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Musca domestica]]''
|6
|1991<ref>{{Citation |title=Mating propensity and courtship behavior in serially bottlenecked lines of the housefly |author=L. M. Meffert & E. H. Bryant |journal=Evolution |year=1991 |volume=45 |issue= 2|pages=293–306 |doi= 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04404.x |pmid=28567864 |s2cid=13379387 }}</ref>
|-
|''Drosophila pseudoobscura''
|42
|1993<ref>{{Citation |title=Founder-flush speciation in ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'': a large scale experiment |author=A. Galiana, A. Moya, & F. J. Ayala |journal=Evolution |year=1993 |volume=47 |issue= 2|pages=432–444 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02104.x| pmid=28568735 |s2cid=42232235 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]''
|50
|1998<ref>{{Citation |title=Single founder-flush events and the evolution of reproductive isolation |author=H. D. Rundle, A. Ø. Mooers, & M. C. Whitlock |journal=Evolution |year=1998 |volume=52 |issue= 6| pages=1850–1855 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02263.x |pmid=28565304 |s2cid=24502821 }}</ref>
|-
|''Drosophila melanogaster''
|19; 19
|1999<ref>{{Citation |title=The effects of selection and bottlenecks on male mating success in peripheral isolates |author=A. Ø. Mooers, H. D. Rundle, & M. C. Whitlock |journal=American Naturalist |year=1999 |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=437–444 |doi=10.1086/303186|pmid=29586617 |bibcode=1999ANat..153..437M |s2cid=4411105 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Drosophila grimshawi]]''
|1
|N/A<ref name=AO&ABF2002/>
|}
{{see also|Laboratory experiments of speciation}}
Peripatric speciation has been researched in both laboratory studies and nature. [[Jerry Coyne]] and [[H. Allen Orr]] in ''Speciation'' suggest that most laboratory studies of allopatric speciation are also examples of peripatric speciation due to their small population sizes and the inevitable divergent selection that they undergo.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|106}} Much of the laboratory research concerning peripatry is inextricably linked to [[founder effect]] research. Coyne and Orr conclude that selection's role in speciation is well established, whereas [[genetic drift]]'s role is unsupported by experimental and field data—suggesting that founder-effect speciation does not occur.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|410}} Nevertheless, a great deal of research has been conducted on the matter, and one study conducted involving [[Population bottleneck|bottleneck]] populations of ''[[Drosophila pseudoobscura]]'' found evidence of isolation after a single bottleneck.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Founder-Flush Speciation Theory: An Experimental Approach| author=Jeffrey R. Powell |journal=Evolution |year=1978 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=465–474 |pmid=28567948|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1978.tb04589.x| s2cid=30943286 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Founder-Flush Speciation: An Update of Experimental Results with ''Drosophila''|author=Diane M. B. Dodd & Jeffrey R. Powell |journal=Evolution |year=1985 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1388–1392 |pmid=28564258 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05704.x|s2cid=34137489 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The table is a non-exhaustive table of laboratory experiments focused explicitly on peripatric speciation. Most of the studies also conducted experiments on vicariant speciation as well. The "replicates" column signifies the number of lines used in the experiment—that is, how many independent populations were used (not the population size or the number of generations performed).<ref name=AO&ABF2002/>