Editing Persecution of Jews (section)

===Muslim world===
{{main|Antisemitism in Islam|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islamic–Jewish relations|Racism in the Arab world|Siege of Banu Qurayza|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world}}
{{Further|Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Mein Kampf in Arabic|New antisemitism|Racism in the State of Palestine}}
[[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|200px|The [[Banu Qurayza|massacre of the Jewish Banu Qurayza]] in Arabia]]

According to [[Mark R. Cohen]], during the [[Early history of Islam|rise of Islam]], the first encounters between [[Muslims]] and Jews resulted in friendship when the people of [[Medina]] gave [[Muhammad]] refuge, among them were Jewish tribes of Medina. Conflict arose when Muhammad expelled certain [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribes]] after they refused to swear their allegiance to him and aided [[Mecca]]n [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|pagans]]. He adds that this encounter was an exception rather than a rule.<ref>Cohen, Mark R. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages'', [[Princeton University Press]], 1994, p. 163. {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}</ref>

Of the three Jewish tribes of Medina, the [[Banu Nadir]] and the [[Banu Qaynuqa]] were expelled in the course of Muhammad's rule after suspicion arose in the Muslim leadership that the Jews were planning the assassination of Muhammad. On the other hand, the [[Banu Qurayza]] tribe was exterminated by Muhammad in the aftermath of the [[Battle of the Trench]]. The tribe was accused of colluding with Meccan enemies during the Meccan siege of Medina and subsequently besieged. When they surrendered, all grown men were executed and women and children were enslaved.<ref name = "Kister95">Kister, "The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza", p. 95 ff.</ref><ref name="rod213">Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', p. 213.</ref> Muhammad is recorded as saying that he would expel all Jews and Christians from Arabia,<ref>{{Hadith USC|usc=yes|muslim|19|4366}}</ref> although this was not [[History of the Jews in Khaybar#Expulsion of the Jews from Khaybar|carried out]] until the reign of [[Umar]].<ref>[[Giorgio Levi Della Vida]] and [[Michael Bonner]], ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', and Madelung, ''The Succession to Prophet Muhammad'', p. 74</ref>

When [[Amr ibn al-As]] conquered Tripoli in 643, he forced the Jewish and Christian Berbers to give their wives and children as slaves to the Arab army as part of their ''jizya''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNsCPOnTfhoC|title=The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In|page=206|isbn=9780306815850 |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |year=2007 |publisher=Da Capo Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MwoDsz2VeEC|title=The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futuh|date=January 2010 |page=170|publisher=Cosimo |isbn=9781616404352 }}</ref>

Traditionally, [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Jews living in Islamic states]] were subjected to the status of ''[[dhimmi]]'', therefore they were allowed to practice their religion and administer their internal affairs, but were subjects to certain conditions.<ref name=lewis1020>Lewis (1984), pp.10,20</ref> They had to pay the [[jizya]] (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to Muslims.<ref name=lewis1020 /> Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal [[Disabilities (Jewish)|disabilities]] such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 9, 27</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the [[Qur'an]] did not order Muslims to force Jews to wear distinctive clothing. [[Obadiah the Proselyte]] reported in 1100 AD, that the [[Caliph]] had created this rule himself.<ref>[[Alexander Scheiber|Scheiber, A.]] (1954) "The Origins of Obadiah, the Norman Proselyte" ''Journal of Jewish Studies'' London: Oxford University Press. v. 5. p. 37</ref>

Resentment toward Jews perceived as having attained too lofty a position in Islamic society also fueled antisemitism and massacres. In [[al-Andalus|Andalusian Spain]], [[ibn Hazm]] and [[Abū Isḥāq al-Ilbirī|Abu Ishaq]] focused their anti-Jewish writings on this allegation. This was also the chief motivation behind the [[1066 Granada massacre]], when "[m]ore than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day",<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1 = Gottheil |first1 = Richard |last2 = Kayserling |first2 = Meyer |author-link1 = Richard Gottheil |author-link2 = Meyer Kayserling |title = Granada |encyclopedia = [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |date = 1904 |publisher = [[Funk & Wagnalls]] |volume = VI |page = 80 |url = https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada|access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref> and in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in 1033, when 6,000 Jews were killed.<ref name=Morris10>[[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (2001) ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001''. New York:Vintage Books. pp. 10–11.</ref> There were further massacres in Fez in 1276 and 1465.<ref>Gerber (1986), p. 84</ref>

In 1354, Muslim mobs in Egypt "ran amok ... attacking Christians and Jews in the streets, and throwing them into bonfires if they refused to pronounce the ''[[Shahada|shadādatayn]]''."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/614714|title=Coptic Conversion to Islam Under the Mahri Mamlūks, 692–755/1293–1354|page=567|jstor=614714 }}</ref>

The Almohads wreaked enormous destruction on both the Jewish and Christian populations in Spain and North Africa. This devastation, massacre, captivity, and forced conversion was described by the Jewish chronicler [[Abraham ibn Daud]] and the poet [[Abraham ibn Ezra]]. Suspicious of the sincerity of the Jewish converts to Islam, Muslim "inquisitors" took children from their families and placed them in the care of Muslim educators.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ | isbn=9789004062955 | title=A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / Edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal | year=1974 | pages=123–29 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>

[[Maimonides]], who had to flee from Almohad-controlled Iberia with his family, said "God has hurled us in the midst of this people, the Arabs, who have persecuted us severely, and passed baneful and discriminatory legislation against us. Never did a nation molest, degrade, debase, and hate us as much as they. We bear the inhumane burden of their humiliation, lies and absurdities, being as the prophet said, 'like a deaf man who does not hear or a dumb man who does not open his mouth' ... Our sages disciplined us to bear Ishmael's lies and absurdities, listening in silence, and we have trained ourselves, old and young, to endure their humiliation, as Isaiah said, 'I have given my back to the smiters, and my cheek to the beard pullers.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bugTDAAAQBAJ | title=Modern Judaism: An Oxford Guide | isbn=978-0-19-926287-8 | last1=Freud-Kandel | first1=Miri | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8xfHqnv5zgC | title=The Gazelle: Medieval Hebrew Poems on God, Israel, and the Soul | isbn=978-0-19-512988-5 | last1=Scheindlin | first1=Raymond P. | year=1999 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>