Editing Peru–Bolivian Confederation (section)

==Government and politics==
According to the '''Fundamental law of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation''' ({{langx|es|Ley fundamental de la Confederación Perú-Boliviana}}) [[#Establishment|signed on April 18, 1837]], in each of the Confederation's states, there was, from 1837 until the dissolution, a “provisional president” under Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who was styled the “supreme protector” and was also president of [[Bolivia]].

*'''[[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivia]]'''
:*'''President:''' General [[José Miguel de Velasco]]

*'''[[North Peru]]''' (also known as ''Republic of the North of Peru'', or ''North-Peruvian Republic'')
:*'''First President:''' General [[Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada|Luis Orbegoso]] (August 21, 1837 – July 30, 1838){{efn|He declared secession of the North-Peruvian Republic from the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on July 30, 1838, but continued as Provisional President until September 1, 1838.}}
:*'''Second President:''' General [[José de la Riva Agüero]] (August 1, 1838 – January 24, 1839)

*'''[[South Peru]]''' (also known as ''Republic of the South of Peru'', or ''South-Peruvian Republic'')
:*'''First President:''' General [[Ramón Herrera y Rodado]] (September 17, 1837 – October 12, 1838)
:*'''Second President:''' [[Pío de Tristán|Juan Pío de Tristán y Moscoso]] (October 12, 1838 – February 23, 1839)

This was in accordance to the constitution's stating that each of the three republics would have its own government, with equal rights between the three, but they were subject to the authority of a General Government, whose three powers would have the following characteristics:

*The '''Central Executive Power''' would be in the hands of Santa Cruz with the title of Protector of the Confederation, with a term of 10 years and the possibility of being re-elected, although the latter was not applicable if he had been removed from office by the Senate. The general customs and the general postal administration depended on him, as well as all diplomatic, [[Confederate Army (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|military]] and [[Confederate Navy (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|naval]] appointments. He was also [[Generalissimo]] of the sea and land forces of the confederate republics. He exercised the executive power of the state in which he was found. He appointed and removed the ministers of State and other public employees, being able to create new ministries. He chose the presidents of the confederate states, the senators of the General Congress and the ministers of the three supreme courts from among those proposed by their respective senates. He presented to the apostolic chair the archbishops and bishops of the three republics. He could dissolve the General Congress when a spirit of disorder manifestly seized the chambers, threatening the internal peace of the confederation.
*The '''General Legislative Power''' would be made up of two Chambers: one of Senators, with 15 members (five per State), and another of Representatives, with 21 members (7 per State). They met every two years for fifty days, and may be extended at the discretion of the Executive. He could be summoned extraordinarily by the government, having to deal exclusively with the matters imposed by it. All this made him a kind of caricature of legislative power.
:*The senators had to be appointed by the Protector from among those proposed by the Electoral Colleges of each department. Their functions were similar to those of the censors mentioned in the [[Constitution of Peru (1826)|Lifetime Constitution of 1826]].
:*The representatives had to be chosen by the General Congress of the confederation, from among those proposed by the Electoral Colleges of each of the confederate republics.
*The '''Judicial Power''' would be constituted on the basis of the Supreme Courts of the three Confederate Republics.

In addition to the above, the constitution also defined the flag of the confederation.

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Subdivisions of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation}}
[[File:Mapa de la Confederación Perú-Boliviana.png|thumb|right|De jure map of the Confederation.]]
{| style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
!{{flagdeco|Peru|1825}} [[Republic of North Peru|North Peru]]
!{{flagdeco|Peru|south}} [[Republic of South Peru|South Peru]]
!{{flagdeco|Bolivia|1831}} [[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivia]]
!Special administration
|-
|
# [[Department of Amazonas (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Amazonas]]
# [[Callao Littoral Province|Callao]]
# [[Department of Huaylas (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Huaylas]]
# [[Department of Lima (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Lima]]
# [[Department of Junín (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Junín]]
# [[Department of La Libertad (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|La Libertad]]
|
# [[Department of Arequipa (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Arequipa]]
# [[Department of Ayacucho (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Ayacucho]]
# [[Department of Cuzco (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Cuzco]]
# [[Litoral Department (1837–1857)|Litoral]]
# [[Department of Puno (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Puno]]
|
#
# [[Atacama Province (1829–1839)|Atacama]]
# [[Cochabamba Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Cochabamba]]
# [[Chuquisaca Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Chuquisaca]]
# [[La Paz Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|La Paz]]
# [[Oruro Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Oruro]]
# [[Potosí Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Potosí]]
# [[Santa Cruz Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Santa Cruz]]
# [[Tarija Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Tarija]]
|
# [[Port of Arica (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Arica]]
# [[Iquicha|Carhuaucran]]
|}

===Foreign relations===
*{{flag|Argentine Confederation|name=Argentina}}: after Bolivia [[Bolivian annexation of northern Argentina|occupied and annexed]] the disputed territory of [[Tarija Department|Tarija]], Argentina declared war on the Confederation on May 19, 1837.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=133}} After the war ended, Argentina negotiated with the new Bolivian state over the territories, and Tarija ultimately remained in Bolivia.
*{{flag|Empire of Brazil|name=Brazil}}: Brazilian diplomat [[Duarte da Ponte Ribeiro]] was appointed as the [[List of ambassadors of Brazil to Peru|Brazilian chargé d'affaires to Peru]] in 1829, and continued his functions after the establishment of the Confederation in 1836.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.br/funag/pt-br/chdd/historia-diplomatica/historia-das-relacoes-bilaterais-do-brasil/peru |title=Peru |website=Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão}}</ref> After the state's dissolution, he remained as the representative to Peru, signing a border treaty in 1841.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Um diplomata do Império: Barão da Ponte Ribeiro |last=Souza |first=José Antônio Soares de |publisher=FUNAG |year=2021 |isbn=978-65-87083-78-0 |location=Brasilia |pages=23–24 |language=pt |url=https://funag.gov.br/biblioteca-nova/produto/1-1160 |quote=Nunca será excessivo destacar a importância de Ponte Ribeiro na fixação do 'uti possidetis' como doutrina para a discussão dos limites brasileiros. Na negociação do tratado de 1841 com o Peru, o diplomata atuou inicialmente sem orientação clara do Rio de Janeiro e quando finalmente chegaram as instruções, estas contrariavam o rumo que ele havia dado à negociação. Ainda assim, insistiu na tese do 'uti possidetis de facto' mesmo chocando-se frontalmente com a orientação que recebera da capital. Ainda que o tratado tenha sido posteriormente rejeitado, quando seus termos foram retomados, no tratado de 1851, prevaleceria a tese de que a utilização do critério da posse efetiva se constituía no argumento mais vantajoso para o Brasil nas negociações com os vizinhos hispanos. O tratado assinado durante a Missão Especial, em sua essência, repetiu os termos negociados uma década antes e tornou-se modelo para as discussões de limites que se seguiram.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Exposição dos trabalhos historicos geographicos e hydrographicos que serviram de base a carta geral do imperio exhibida na exposição nacional de 1875 |last=da Ponte Ribeiro |first=Duarte |publisher=Typographia Nacional |year=1876 |language=pt |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/637997136 |oclc=637997136}}</ref>
*{{flag|Federal Republic of Central America|name=Central America}}: Morazán and Andrés de Santa Cruz never met, due to political circumstances.
*{{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Conservative Republic|Chile]]: relations soured quickly after the establishment of the Confederation as Chile wanted to maintain its hegemony over trade in the South Pacific. Peruvian support for a failed naval invasion led to the declaration of war in 1836, which led to a Chilean-backed [[Peruvian Republic (1837)|naval invasion]] in South Peru, through which relations were reestablished via the 1837 [[Treaty of Paucarpata]].
*{{flagdeco|Ecuador|1830}} [[History of Ecuador (1830–1860)|Ecuador]]: [[Vicente Rocafuerte]], then [[president of Ecuador]], presented a neutral position despite repeated attempts by Chile to get Ecuador to join the conflict, offering instead to act as a [[Mediation|mediator]]. Despite this, according to J.P. Roldán, then [[List of ambassadors of Peru to Ecuador|Consul]] in [[Guayaquil]], supporters of [[Juan José Flores]] were eager to join Chile in its war effort. Santa Cruz's government favoured Ecuador by sending subversive leaders [[José María Urvina]] and Juan Otamendi to Jauja, as well as interning subversive Ecuadorians to the [[Sierra (Peru)|''Sierra'']]. Ecuador had signed a treaty with the three member states of the Confederation, which was annulled by the [[Congress of Ecuador|Ecuadorian Congress]] in 1837 under Flores' influence.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=133–134}} When the Confederation ceased to exist, its consulate in Guayaquil was transferred to the new Peruvian government.<ref name=archivo/>
*{{flagdeco|France|1830}}: The French King [[Louis Philippe I]] has cordial relations with Andrés de Santa Cruz. The French government has given Andrés de Santa Cruz asylum after his exile after the dissolution of the confederation. 
*{{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain|name=Great Britain}}: The British government acted as guarantor of the Treaty of Paucarpata of 1837. When the treaty was annulled, the Consul General notified the Chilean government of [[Queen Victoria]]'s disapproval of the continuation of the war.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=136–137}} Then chargé d'affaires Belford Hinton Wilson made demands to guarantee the safety of British goods in Lima, which were later moved to Callao.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=145}}
*{{flag|Centralist Republic of Mexico|name=Mexico}}: The Government of [[José Justo Corro]] has diplomatic relations with both Peru and Bolivia. 
*{{flag|Republic of New Granada|name=New Granada}}: When pressed by Chilean minister Ventura Lavalle to join the conflict, then president [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] expressed his belief that, despite him agreeing with Chile over the threat the state posed to the region (and his personal disliking of Santa Cruz's government and person), the state was doomed due to its dysfunctionality between Santa Cruz's government and Peruvian elements in Bolivia, and recommended that he accept the Ecuadorian mediation so that the war could end.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=134}}
*{{flag|Paraguay|1826}}: the government of [[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] did not have establish relations with Andrés de Santa Cruz due to political circumstances.
*{{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[History of Spain (1808–1874)|Spain]]: Spain did not have diplomatic relations with the confederation, because it had not recognized either Peru or Bolivia, largely due to the skirmishes caused by the wars of independence.
*{{flag|United States|1836}}: The Confederation was recognized by the U.S. on March 16, 1837, and James B. Thornton was appointed as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Peru|chargé d'affaires]] to the new state. After the country's dissolution in 1839, the U.S. did not recognize Bolivia as a separate state until 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bo.usembassy.gov/es/historia/ |title=UNA GUÍA PARA LA HISTORIA DE LAS RELACIONES DE RECONOCIMIENTO, DIPLOMÁTICAS Y CONSULARES DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS |website=Embajada de EE.UU. en Bolivia|date=21 March 2021 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Uruguay|name=Uruguay}}: [[Manuel Oribe]] and Andrés de Santa Cruz never met due to political circumstances.