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Phase rule
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== Phase rule in colloidal mixtures == In [[Colloid|colloidal mixtures]] quintuple<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=V. F. D. |last2=Vis |first2=M. |last3=García |first3=Á. González |last4=Wensink |first4=H. H. |last5=Tuinier |first5=R. |date=2020-09-18 |title=Defying the Gibbs Phase Rule: Evidence for an Entropy-Driven Quintuple Point in Colloid-Polymer Mixtures |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.127803 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=125 |issue=12 |pages=127803 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.127803|pmid=33016722 |arxiv=2009.08879 |bibcode=2020PhRvL.125l7803P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title='Quintuple point' material defies 150-year-old thermodynamics rule |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/quintuple-point-material-defies-150-year-old-thermodynamics-rule/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Physics World |language=en-GB}}</ref> and sixtuple points<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Opdam |first1=J. |last2=Peters |first2=V. F. D. |last3=Wensink |first3=H. H. |last4=Tuinier |first4=R. |date=2023-01-12 |title=Multiphase Coexistence in Binary Hard Colloidal Mixtures: Predictions from a Simple Algebraic Theory |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=199–206 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03138 |issn=1948-7185 |pmc=9841575 |pmid=36580685}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Colloidal mixture exists in up to six phases at once |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/colloidal-mixture-exists-in-up-to-six-phases-at-once/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Physics World |language=en-GB}}</ref> have been described in violation of Gibbs phase rule but it is argued that in these systems the rule can be generalized to <math>F =M+ C - P + 1</math> where <math>M</math> accounts for additional parameters of interaction among the components like the diameter of one type of particle in relation to the diameter of the other particles in the solution.
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