Editing Phase space (section)

== Phase portrait ==
{{excerpt|Phase portrait|template=-Differential equations}}

=== Phase integral ===
In classical statistical mechanics (continuous energies) the concept of phase space provides a classical analog to the [[Partition function (mathematics)|partition function]] (sum over states) known as the phase integral.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laurendeau |first=Normand M. |title=Statistical Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-521-84635-8 }}</ref> Instead of summing the Boltzmann factor over discretely spaced energy states (defined by appropriate integer [[quantum numbers]] for each degree of freedom), one may integrate over continuous phase space. Such integration essentially consists of two parts: integration of the momentum component of all degrees of freedom (momentum space) and integration of the position component of all degrees of freedom (configuration space). Once the phase integral is known, it may be related to the classical partition function by multiplication of a normalization constant representing the number of [[quantum energy states]] per unit phase space. This normalization constant is simply the inverse of the [[Planck constant]] raised to a power equal to the number of degrees of freedom for the system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clesm.mae.ufl.edu/wiki.pub/index.php/Configuration_integral_%28statistical_mechanics%29 |title=Configuration integral |last=Vu-Quoc |first=L. |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428193950/http://clesm.mae.ufl.edu/wiki.pub/index.php/Configuration_integral_%28statistical_mechanics%29 |archive-date=April 28, 2012}}
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