Editing Phrygian language (section)

=== Nouns ===
Phrygian nouns belong to three [[gender (grammar)|genders]]: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Forms are [[grammatical number|singular or plural]]; [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms are not known. Four [[case (grammar)|cases]] are known: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[genitive]], and [[dative]].

==== Substantives ====
Nouns belong to three stem groups: ''o''-stems, ''a''-stems, and consonant stems ("''C''-stems"); the latter group also includes ''i''- and ''u''-stems. In addition there is a group of personal names with an e-stem.

The paradigm for nouns is as follows (to keep the paradigm clear, the many minor spelling variants, including New-Phrygian ones in Greek characters, are omitted):<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 69–73.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | ''a''-stems !! colspan="2" | ''o''-stems !! colspan="2" | ''C''-stems !! ''e''-stems
|-
! Masculine !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Masc./Fem. !! Neuter !! (Personal names)
|-
| rowspan="4" | Singular || Nominative || align="center" | -a(s) || align="center" | -a || align="center" | -os || rowspan="2" align="center" | -un || align="center" | -s, -Ø{{efn|The Nominative Singular of consonant stems ends in -s for t-, d-, s-, i-, and u-stems; it ends in -Ø (without -s) for l-, m-, n-, r-, and some k-stems.}} || rowspan="2" align="center" | -Ø || align="center" | -es (-e)
|-
| Accusative || colspan="2" align="center" | -an || align="center" | -un (-on) || align="center" | -(a)n || align="center" | -in
|-
| Genitive || colspan="2" align="center" | -as || colspan="2" align="center" | -o (-ov) || colspan="2" align="center" | -os || align="center" | -itos
|-
| Dative || colspan="2" align="center" | -ai (-a) || colspan="2" align="center" | -oi (-o) || colspan="2" align="center" | -ei || align="center" | ?
|-
| rowspan="4" | Plural || Nominative || colspan="2" align="center" | -a(s) (?) || align="center" | -oi || rowspan="2" align="center" | -a || align="center" | -es || rowspan="2" align="center" | -a || align="center" | —
|-
| Accusative || colspan="2" align="center" | -ais || align="center" | -ois (?) || align="center" | -ais (?) || align="center" | —
|-
| Genitive || colspan="2" align="center" | ? || colspan="2" align="center" | -un || colspan="2" align="center" | ? || align="center" | —
|-
| Dative || colspan="2" align="center" | -as || colspan="2" align="center" | -os || colspan="2" align="center" | ? || align="center" | —
|}
{{notelist}}

Examples:<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 127–310.</ref>
* '''''a''-stem: μανκα''' [''manka''] (''stele''): Nom. μανκα [''manka'']; Acc. μανκαν [''mankan'']; Dat. μανκαι [''mankai''], μανκα, μανκης, μανκε.
* '''''o''-stem: ''devos''''' ('god', cf. Greek θεός): Nom. ''devos''; Acc. (or Gen.?) ''devun''; Pl. Dat. δεως [''deos''], διως, δεος, δδεω, διος, δυως.
* '''''C''- (''r''-)stem: ''daker''''' (meaning not clear): Nom. ''daker'', δακαρ; Acc. ''dakeran''; Pl. Nom. δακερης [''dakeres'']; Pl. Acc. ''dakerais''.
* '''''C''- (''n''-)stem: ορουαν''' [''orouan''] ('keeper, protector'): Nom. ορουεναν [''orouenan'']; Acc. ορουαν [''orouan'']; Gen. ορουενος [''orouenos''].
* '''''C''- (''k''-)stem: ''knays''''' ('woman, wife', cf. Greek γυνή): Nom. ''knays, knais''; Acc. κναικαν [''knaikan'']; Gen. κναικος [''knaikos'']; Pl. Nom. ''knaykes''.
* '''''i''-stem: *''Tis''''' ('Zeus'): Acc. Τιαν [''Tian'']; Dat. Τιε [''Tie''], Τι, Τιη, Tiei; Gen. Τιος [''Tios''].
* '''''e''-stem: ''Manes''''' ('Manes'): Nom. ''Manes, Mane'', Μανεις; Acc. ''Manin''; Gen. ''Manitos''.

==== Pronouns ====
The most frequently used [[pronoun]]s are [[demonstrative]], [[relative pronoun|relative]], and [[anaphora (linguistics)|anaphoric]]. Their declensions are similar to those of nouns. Two rare pronouns, ''autos'' and ''tis'', may be loanwords from Greek.

The '''demonstrative pronoun''', ''this'', has a short (''ses'') and a long form (''semoun''). Its declension:<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 84–85, 279–280.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Singular !!  colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine
|-
| Nominative || align="center" | ses (?) || rowspan="2" align="center" | si || align="center" | σας (?) ||  || rowspan="2" |  || 
|-
| Accusative || align="center" | sin, σεμουν || align="center" | εσαν (?) || align="center" | ses (?) || 
|-
| Genitive || colspan="2" |  || align="center"| σας (?) || colspan="2" |  || colspan="2" | 
|-
| Dative || colspan="2" | σεμουν, σεμον, simun,{{nbsp}}... || σα, σαι, σας, esai, σαν || colspan="2" align="center" | σως (?) || colspan="2" | 
|}
There is also a [[clitic]] particle variant ''s-'', prefixed to names: sManes (''this Manes'').

The '''relative pronoun''' is ''yos'' (''who, whoever''). Though appearing often, only three different cases are attested. Paradigm:<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 81–82, 306.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Singular !!  colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine
|-
| Nominative || align="center" | yos, ios, ιος, ις,{{nbsp}}... || rowspan="2" align="center" | || align="center" |  ||  || rowspan="2" |  || 
|-
| Accusative || align="center" | ιον || align="center" | ιαν || align="center" |  || 
|-
| Genitive || colspan="2" |  || align="center"|  || colspan="2" |  || colspan="2" | 
|-
| Dative || colspan="2" |  ||  || colspan="2" align="center" |  || colspan="2" | 
|}
A reduplicated form ''yosyos'', ''whoever'', is also known (cf. Latin ''quisquis'').

An '''anaphoric pronoun''' is ''tos'' (''the one mentioned, this one, he''). It is often used in the standard expression ιος νι{{nbsp}}..., τος νι{{nbsp}}...: ''whoever (damages this tomb), this one (will be damned)''; ''whoever ({{nbsp}}...), he ({{nbsp}}...)''.
Declension:<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 79–80, 295–296.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Singular !!  colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine
|-
| Nominative || align="center" | τος || rowspan="2" align="center" | ti ||  ||  || rowspan="2" align="center" | ta || 
|-
| Accusative ||  || align="center" | tan, ταν ||  || 
|-
| Genitive || colspan="2" align="center" | tovo ||  || colspan="2" |  || colspan="2" | 
|-
| Dative || colspan="2" align="center" | του, το || align="center" | ται, τα  || colspan="2" |  || colspan="2" | 
|}

''Tos'' has a particle variant, τι, του, ''-t, -τ''. The particles τι and του, used after a demonstrative pronoun, or suffixed to it as ''-t'' or -τ, seem to emphasize the following noun: (''whoever does damage'') σεμουν του κνουμανει, ''to this very tomb''.

Another anaphoric pronoun is ''oy''&nbsp;/ ''ioi''. It only occurs as a Dative Singular, ''oy'', ιοι, οι (''to him, to her'').<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 80, 207.</ref>

The '''[[intensive pronoun|emphatic pronoun]]''' ''autos'' (''the very one, the same''; cf. Greek αὐτός) can also be used anaphorically. Its composite ''ve(n)autos'' is a [[reflexive pronoun]], ''himself'' (Greek ἑαυτός).<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 81, 150–151, 192.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Singular !!  colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine
|-
| Nominative || align="center" | αυτος || rowspan="2" |  ||  || align="center" | avtoi (?) || rowspan="2" |  || 
|-
| Accusative || align="center" | αυτον, (ven)avtun ||  |  ||  || 
|-
| Genitive || colspan="2" |  ||  || colspan="2" |  || colspan="2" | 
|-
| Dative || colspan="2" align="center" | avtoi (?), αυτω || align="center" | avtay, αυταη, (οε)αυται  || colspan="2" |  || colspan="2" | 
|}

The '''[[indefinite pronoun]]''' ''kos'' (''somebody, something'') is only attested in the nominative singular: masculine kos, κος; neuter kin, κιν. A synonym is the very rare Greek loanword ''tis'' (τις, neuter τι).<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 83, 224, 292.</ref>

The '''[[personal pronoun|personal]]''' or '''[[possessive determiner|possessive pronoun]]''' ''her'' (only the feminine is attested) is ''va'' (Nom. va, ουα; Acc. ουαν, οαν; Gen. vay).<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 83, 189. Composites may be ''ovevis'' (''his own?''; Acc. ''ovevin'') and ''ki(s)vis'' (''any?''; Nom. κισυις, Nom./Acc. Ntr. κιυιν) (Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 219, 255).</ref>

==== Adjectives ====
The declension of adjectival nouns is entirely similar to that of substantives.

Examples (note that ''mekas'' corresponds to Greek μέγας, ''big, great'', and that -τετικμενος and γεγρειμενος parallel Greek Perfect Passive participles with reduplication and ending in ''-menos''):<ref>Obrador Cursach (2018), pp. 162, 240, 293–294.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! Case !! Ending !! mekas <br>''big, great'' !! Ending !! τιττετικμενος <br>''accursed'' !! γεγρειμενος <br>''written''
|-
| Nom. Sing. Masc. || align="center" | -a(s) || mekas, μεκας || align="center" | -os || τιτ(τ)ετικμενος,{{nbsp}}... || 
|-
| Acc. Sing. Masc. || rowspan="2" align="center" | -an || rowspan="2" | μεκαν || align="center" | -on ||  || γεγρειμενον
|-
| Acc. Sing. Fem. || align="center" | -an ||  || γεγρειμεναν
|-
| Dat. Sing. || align="center" | -ai (-a) || μεκα || align="center" | -o (-ov) / -ai (-a) ||  || 
|-
| Nom. Pl. Masc. || align="center" | -a(s) (?) || || align="center" | -oi || τιττετικμενοι || 
|-
| Acc. Pl. || align="center" | -ais || mekais (?) || align="center" | -ois (?) / -ais || || 
|-
| Nom./Acc. Pl. Ntr. || align="center" | -a (?) || || align="center" | -a || τιττετικμενα || 
|-
| Gen. Pl. Masc./Fem. || align="center" | ? || || align="center" | -un || τιτετουκμενουν || 
|-
| Dat. Pl. || align="center" | -as || mekais (?) || align="center" | -os / -as || || 
|}