Editing Polabian language (section)

==Morphology==
Due to the poor attestation of Polabian, it is difficult to reconstruct a full morphology. Presented here is a general overview.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=98—99}}

===Nouns===
As in all Slavic languages, Polabian has three [[grammatical gender]]s: masculine, feminine and neuter. Polabian nouns may also be [[Animacy|animate]] or inanimate, and decline for six [[Case (linguistics)|cases]]: [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Genitive case|genitive]], [[Dative case|dative]], [[Accusative case|accusative]], [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] and the [[Prepositional case|prepositional]]; the vocative case in Polabian was lost, being replaced by the nominative. Nouns were used mainly only in combination with prepositions, not only in the prepositional case, as in most Slavic languages, but also in the instrumental.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=99—100}} Within the inflectional endings, two [[Linguistic paradigm|paradigms]] exist, one of a masculine-neuter type, the other a feminine type; neither inflectional types are homogeneous.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=101—102}}

====Masculine and neuter nouns====
Masculine and neuter nouns are divided into two groups: those ending in -ă in the nominative singular those ending in anything else. Nouns ending in -ă probably took a feminine declension in the singular, as in other Slavic languages, but this is difficult to assert due to the fact that such nouns are known in the documents only in the nominative singular form. The second group of nouns is divided into a number of subtypes. The dual forms of masculine and neuter nouns are not attested.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=102—106}}

Within the singular, the following can be seen:
* Masculine nouns in the nominative are characterized by [[Null morpheme|zero endings]]: ''dåzd'' (“rain”), in addition, forms with the ending ''-ă'' are preserved : ''l̥ol̥ă'' (“father”), ''vau̯jă'' (“uncle”), and one form with the ending ''-åi̯'': ''komåi̯'' (“stone”). In the neuter gender, there are groups of nouns with endings ''-ü'': ''l̥otü'' (“summer”, “year”), ''-i'': ''püli''  (“field”), ''-ĕ'': ''gńozdĕ'' (“nest”) and ''-ą''/''-ă'': ''jai̯mą''/''jai̯mă'' (“name”).
* The masculine genitive singular endings are ''-o'' and ''-ă'': ''bügo'' (“god”), ''zai̯våtă'' (“life”, “belly”), ''-au̯''/''-åi̯'' or -ĕ: ''sned'au̯'' (“snow”), ''pelåi̯nĕ'' (“wormwood”). The genitive singular neuter endings ''-o'' or ''-ă'': ''pöl l̥oto'' (“six months”), ''mlåkă'' (“milk”), ''vai̯nă'' (“wine”).
* Masculine and neuter nouns in the dative case end in ''-au̯'' , ''-ai̯'', and ''-ĕ'': ''büd'au̯'' (“to God”), ''kå bezońĕ'' (“to run”). The first two endings differ by dialects, the third (reduced), unlike the first two, depends on the place of stress in the word. T. Ler-Splavinsky and some other scholars interpreted the endings ''-aw'' , ''-af'' , and ''-âw'' as the ending of the masculine dative case ''-åvĕ'' (from *''-ovi''), the authors of modern works on the Polabian language (K. Polyansky and others) are inclined to see the diphthong ''-au̯'' in these endings.
* Animate masculine nouns in the accusative are [[Syncretism (linguistics)|syncretic]] with the genitive case, and for inanimate masculine nouns and all neuter nouns, the accusative is syncretic with the nominative case.
* Masculine and neuter nouns in the instrumental singularend in ''-åm'': ''prid gordåm'' (“before the court”), ''prid l̥otåm'' (“before a year”).
* Most masculine and neuter nouns in the locative singular end in ''-e'' or ''-ă'': ''vå хlăde'' (“in the shadow”), ''vå vetră'' (“in the wind”. Velar consonants show alternation in this case: ''dek'' (“roof”)||''no decă'' (“on the roof”), ''krig'' (“war”)||''no kriʒe'' (“at war”). Masculine nouns whose stems end in a soft consonant take the ending ''-ĕ'': ''no pǫt'ĕ'' (“on the way/path”), ''no våtåi̯ńĕ'' (“on the fence”). A number of neuter nouns are characterized by the ending ''-ai̯'': ''no mărai̯'' (“at the sea”), ''vå pülai̯'' (“in the field”).
Within the plural, the following can be seen:
* Nouns in the nominative plural are characterized by a wide variety of endings: ''-ai̯''/''-ĕ'', ''-e'', ''-üvĕ'', ''-i'', ''-åi̯''/''-ĕ'', and ''-ă''  - ''lesai̯'' (“forests”), ''ṕåsĕ''/''pasai̯'' (“dogs”), ''nüze'' (“knives”), ''polcă'' (“fingers”). Since the nominative and accusative plural are syncretic, it is sometimes difficult or impossible to tell which case is attested in texts.
* The masculine genitive plural is characterized by endings ''-Ø'' and ''-üv'': ''ai̯ dåvüх gråi̯k'' (“at two pears”), ''cai̯stĕ priz grех́üv'' (“pure (free) from sins”). Neuter nouns only take the ending ''-Ø''.
* Only one example of the dative plural of masculine nouns is attested, formed with the ending ''-üm'': ''gresnărüm'' ("sinners").

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align: center;"
 ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2" |Case
 ! colspan="3" |Singular
 |-
 ! style="width:150px" |Masculine
 ! style="width:150px" |Neuter	
 |-
 ! Nominative
 | ''-Ø'', ''-ă'', ''-åi̯''
 | ''-ü'', ''-i'' : ''-ĕ'', ''-ą'' : ''-ă''
 |-
 ! Genitive
 | ''-o'' : ''-ă'', ''-au̯'' : ''-åi̯''
 | ''-o'' : ''-ă''
 |-
 ! Dative
 |colspan="3" |''-au̯'' : ''-ai̯'' : ''-ĕ''
 |-
 ! Accusative
 |colspan="3" | = {{sc|nom (inanimate) or gen (animate}}
 |-
 ! Instrumental
 |colspan="3" | ''-åm''
 |-
 ! Prepositional
 |colspan="3" | ''-e'' : ''-ă'', ''-ai̯''
 |}
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align: center;"
 ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2" |Case
 ! colspan="3" |Plural
 |-
 ! style="width:150px" |Masculine
 ! style="width:150px" |Neuter	
 |-
 ! Nominative
 | ''-ai̯'' : ''-åi̯'', ''-ĕ'', -e, ''-üvĕ'', ''-i''
 | ''-a''
 |-
 ! Genitive
 | ''-üv'' : ''-ev'', ''-Ø''
 | ''-Ø''
 |-
 ! Dative
 | ''-üm''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Accusative
 |colspan="3" | = {{sc|nom (inanimate) or gen (animate}}
 |-
 ! Instrumental
 | ''-ĕ''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Prepositional
 | ''–''
 | ''-åх''
 |}

====Feminine nouns====
There are three types of declension of feminine nouns. The first includes nouns with endings ''-o'' or ''-ă'' in the nominative singular case: ''bobo'' (“woman”), ''zenă'' (“wife”, “woman”). The second ends in ''-åi̯'', ''-ĕ'', or ''-ai̯'': ''motai̯'' (“mother”), ''bant'åi̯'' (“bench”). The third has a zero ending: ''vås'' (“louse”), ''t’üst'' (“bone”), ''vas'' (“village”).{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=106—112}}

Within the singular, the following can be seen:
* Feminine nouns in the nominative singular end in ''-o''/''-ă'' (the reduced vowel ''-ă'' is marked in an unstressed position), or ''-åi̯''/''-ĕ'' (the presence of a full or reduced form also depends on the place of stress in the word), ''-ai̯'' (except ''motai̯'' ( “mother”) all words with this ending in Polabian are borrowings from Middle Low German) and ''-Ø'' (null morpheme).
* Feminine nouns in the genitive singular are characterized by the endings ''-ai̯''/''-ĕ'' (for nouns with endings ''-o''/''-ă'' in the nominative case): ''slåmåi̯'' (“straw”), ''pöl t'üpĕ'' (“half a pile”, “thirty”); ''-ă''/''ai̯'' ''zimă'' (“near the ground”), ''viz viză'' (“from the house”), there are no examples with a full vowel in the ending for this group of nouns; ''-i'' (for nouns ending with a consonant in the nominative case): ''råzi'' (“rye”), ''süli'' (“salt”); ''-vĕ'' (only one example of a noun form with this ending has been preserved): ''ai̯ kokvĕ'' (“at the pillory”).
* Feminine nouns in the dative singular take the ending ''-e''/''-ă'': ''kå stărne'' (“on the side”, “to the side”) and ''-ai̯'': ''kå zimai̯'' (“to the ground”).
* Feminine nouns in the accusative singular end in ''-ǫ'': ''korvǫ'' (“cow”); ''-ą''/''-ă'': ''no zimą'' (“on the ground”), ''zo nidelă'' (“per week”); and ''-Ø'' (for nouns ending in consonant in the nominative case): ''t'üst'' (“bone”), ''vas'' (“village”).
* Feminine nouns in the instrumental singular only have one ending, ''-ą'': ''så lüdą'' (“by boat”), ''püd zimą'' (“underground”), ''så pąstą'' (“fist”).
* Feminine nouns in the prepositional singular have endings ''-ă'': ''vå vidă'' (“in the water”); and -ĕ: ''no storně'' (“on the side”), ''no zimĕ'' (“on the ground”), ''vå vizĕ'' (“in the house”).
Within the plural, the following can be seen:
* Feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative plural are syncretic and take the endings ''-åi̯'': ''sestråi̯'' (“sisters”); ''-e''/''-ă'': ''vüce'' (“sheep”), ''nidelă'' (“weeks”); ''-ai̯''/''-ĕ'': ''golǫzai̯'' (“branches”), ''t’üstai̯''/''t’üstĕ'' (“bones”); and ''-våi̯'': ''grai̯svåi̯'' (“pears”).
Within the dual, the following can be seen:
* Feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative dual are syncretic and take the ending ''-e'': ''rǫce'' ("two hands/arms"), ''nüʒe'' ("two feet/legs").
* Feminine nouns in the genitive dual are syncretic with the genitive plural: ''ai̯ dåvüх grau̯k'' (“at two pears”).
* Feminine nouns in the dative and instrumental dual are syncretic and are characterized by the ending ''-omă'', only one such noun form is attested: ''så rǫkomă'' (“with two hands”).
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align: center;"
 ! style="width:100px" |Case
 ! style="width:280px" colspan="3" |Singular
 |-
 ! Nominative
 | ''-o'' : ''-ă'', ''-åi̯'', ''-Ø'', ''-ai̯''
 |-
 ! Genitive
 | ''-åi̯'' : ''-ĕ'', ''-ă'', ''-i'', ''-vĕ''
 |-
 ! Dative
 | ''-e'' : ''-ă'', ''-ai̯''
 |-
 ! Accusative
 | ''-ǫ'', ''-ą'' : ''-ă'', ''-Ø''
 |-
 ! Instrumental
 | ''-ǫ'', ''-ą'' : ''-ă''
 |-
 ! Prepositional
 | ''-e'' : ''-ă'', ''-ĕ''
 |}
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align: center;"
 ! style="width:100px" |Case
 ! style="width:180px" |Plural
 ! style="width:180px" |Dual
 |-
 ! Nominative
 | ''-åi̯'': ''-ĕ'', ''-ai̯'' : ''-ĕ'', ''-e'' : ''-ă'', ''-våi̯''
 | ''-e''
 |-
 ! Genitive
 | ''-Ø''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Dative
 | ''-ăm''
 | ''-omă''
 |-
 ! Accusative
 |colspan="3" |= {{sc|nom}}
 |-
 ! Instrumental
 | ''-omĕ''
 | ''-omă''
 |-
 ! Prepositional
 |colspan="3" | ''–''
 |}
|}

===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree in gender, case and number. A few instances of short adjectives are attested. Adjectives can also inflect for the [[Comparison (grammar)|comparative]] and superlative.

The following adjectival inflections are attested:{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=198—202}}{{sfn|Селищев|1941|pp=441—442}}{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=118—119}}
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
 ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2" |Case
 ! colspan="3" |Singular
 |-
 ! style="width:70px" |Masculine
 ! style="width:70px" |Neuter
 ! style="width:70px" |Feminine 	
 |-
 ! Nominative
 | ''-ĕ''
 | ''-ă'' : ''-ĕ''
 | ''-ă''
 |-
 ! Genitive
 |colspan="2" |''-ĕg''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Dative
 |colspan="2" | ''-ümĕ''
 | ''-ĕ''
 |-
 ! Accusative
 | ''-ĕg'' (animate), ''-ĕ'' (inanimate)
 | ''-ă'' : ''-ĕ''
 | ''-ǫ''
 |-
 ! Prepositional
 |colspan="2" | ''–''
 | ''-ăj''
 |}
 |valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
 ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2" |Case
 ! colspan="3" |Singular
 |-
 ! style="width:70px" |Masculine
 ! style="width:70px" |Neuter
 ! style="width:70px" |Feminine 	
 |-
 ! Nominative
 | ''-ĕ''
 | ''-ă''
 | ''-ă''
 |-
 ! Genitive
 | ''-ĕх''
 | ''-ĕх''
 | ''-ĕх''
 |-
 ! Dative
 | ''–''
 | ''–''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Accusative
 | ''-ĕ'', ''-ĕх''
 | ''-ă''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Locative
 | ''–''
 | ''–''
 | ''–''
 |}
|}

Short forms of adjectives are formed from the stems of full adjectives and by adding gender endings in the singular. These forms agrees with the noun to which it refers in case as well:{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=196—198}}{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=100—101}}
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
 ! style="width:70px"  |Gender
 ! style="width:70px"  |Ending
 ! Examples of short adjectives
 |-
 ! Masculine
 | ''-Ø''
 | ''cai̯st'' (“clean”), ''stor'' (“old”), ''krosan'' (“good”, “beautiful”), ''dolĕk'' (“far”), ''sarĕk'' (“wide”), ''glǫbĕk'' (“deep”)
 |-
 ! Feminine
 | ''-o''
 | ''nüvo'' (“new”), ''storo'' (“old”)
 |-
 ! Neuter
 | ''-ü''
 | ''cai̯stü'' (“clean”), ''l’ått’ü'' (“light”), ''nai̯st’ü'' (“low”), ''mükrü'' (“wet”), ''teplü'' (“warm”), ''sau̯х́ü'' (“dry”)
 |}

Among the surviving masculine and neuter forms, the instrumental case (''tai̯xåm'' (“quiet”)) and the locative case (''cai̯ste'' (“pure”); ''dübre'' (“good”)) are attested.

The comparative of adjectives is formed with ''-i̯sĕ'', ''-sĕ'', and ''-ésĕ'', and the superlative is formed from the comparative by adding ''na-'': ''navoi̯sĕ'' (“highest”), ''lepsĕ'' (“better”), ''zai̯mnésǎ'' (“colder”), ''nastăresĕ'' (“eldest”).

===Numerals===
Polabian has both cardinal and ordinal numerals, and a few attestations of collective numerals exist:{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=202—206}}
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
 !
 !Cardinal
 !Ordinal
 !Collective
 |-
 !1
 |jadån, *janĕ , janü
 |pară
 |
 |-
 !2
 |dåvo, dåvoi̯, dåve
 |törĕ
 |
 |-
 !3
 |tåri, tåroi̯
 |tritĕ
 |
 |-
 !4
 |citĕr
 |citjortĕ
 |citvărü
 |-
 !5
 |pąt
 |ṕǫtĕ
 |pątărü
 |-
 !6
 |sist
 |sistĕ
 |sistărü
 |-
 !7
 |sidĕm
 |
 |sidmărü
 |-
 !8
 |visĕm
 |våsmĕ
 |vismărü
 |-
 !9
 |divąt
 |div́ǫtĕ
 |divątărü
 |-
 !10
 |disąt
 |diśǫtĕ
 |disątărü
 |-
 !11
 |jadånădist / janădist / janünăctü
 |
 |
 |-
 !12
 |dvenăcti / dvenăcte, dvenădist
 |
 |
 |-
 !13
 |trai̯nocte / trai̯nădist
 |
 |
 |-
 !14
 |citĕrnocti / citĕrnocte, citĕrnădist
 |
 |
 |-
 !15
 |pątnocti, pątnădist
 |
 |
 |-
 !16
 |sistnocti, sistnădist
 |
 |
 |-
 !17
 |sidĕmnocti, sidĕmnădist
 |
 |
 |-
 !18
 |visĕmnocti, visĕmnădist
 |
 |
 |-
 !19
 |divątnocti, divątnădist
 |
 |
 |-
 !20
 |disątnocti
 |
 |
 |-
 !40
 |citĕrdiśǫt
 |
 |
 |-
 !50
 |pą(t)diśǫt
 |
 |
 |-
 !60
 |sis(t)diśǫt
 |
 |
 |-
 !70
 |sidĕmdiśǫt
 |
 |
 |-
 !80
 |visĕmdiśǫt
 |
 |
 |-
 !90
 |divątdiśǫt
 |
 |
 |-
 |}

The endings for -cte / -cti and -dist 11-19 originates from to Proto-Slavic *''desęte'' (prepositional of desętе “ten”). The multiple endings are the result of different placements of stress within the numeral, which is motivated by Polabian processes of stress movement.{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=203—204}}

The numeral ''thirty'' is attested only by the construction ''pöl ťüpĕ'', (“half a pile”), and sixty is attested only as ''ťüpă'' (“pile”).{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=204}}{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=121}}

The original word for ''hundred'' (Proto-Slavic *''sъto'') was not preserved; instead it was replaced by ''disą(t)diśǫt'', literally, “ten tens,” or ''pąt stíďə'', where ''stíďə'' is a borrowing from the Middle German ''stige'' (“twenty, two tens”). The remaining terms for hundreds are unattested. The original term for ''thousand'' (Proto-Slavic *''tysǫti'') was replaced by the construction ''disąt pątstiďə''.{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=204—205}}

===Pronouns===
The following personal and reflexive [[pronoun]]s are attested:{{sfn|Селищев|1941|pp=440}}{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=185—187}}{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=112—114}}
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | ''Singular'' !! colspan="2" |''1st person'' !! colspan="2"| ''2nd person'' !! reflexive !! ''3rd person (masc.)'' !! ''3rd person (fem.)''
|-
|Full form
|Clitic
|Full form
|Clitic
|
|
|
|-
|---
! ''Nominative''
| joz, jo
|
| toi̯, tåi̯
|
|
| vån
| vånǎ
|---
!''Genitive''
| mině, mane, maně
|
| tibĕ, tibe
|
| sibĕ
| jig, jĕg
|
|---
!''Dative''
| mině, maně, mane
| -mə, -m
| tíbĕ, tibé, tĕ
|
| sĕbe
| jim, mĕ
|
|---
!''Accusative''
| mině, mane, mą, mě
|
| tíbĕ, tĕbé, tą, tĕ
|
|
| jig, jĕg, nĕg
|
|---
!''Instrumental''
| manǫ
|
| tǎbǫ
|
|
| nĕm
|
|}
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
!''Plural'' !! ''1st person'' !! ''2nd person'' !! ''3rd person''
|---
!''Nominative''
| moi̯
| vinái̯
| jai̯
|---
!''Genitive''
| nos, năs
|
|
|---
!''Dative''
| nom, năm
| vom
| jai̯m
|---
!''Accusative''
| nos, năs
|
|
|---
!''Instrumental''
| nómĕ
| vomĕ
|
|}
|}

The pronoun ''jai̯'' was borrowed from Middle Low German ''jī''.{{sfn|Селищев|1941|pp=440}}{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=112}}

There were two demonstrative pronouns in Polabian: ''sǫ'', ''so'', ''sü'' (“this”) and ''tǫ'', ''to'', ''tü'' (“that”).{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=-189—190}}{{sfn|Селищев|1941|pp=440—441}}{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=114}}

The attested possessive pronouns are: ''müj'', ''müjă'', ''müji'' (“mine”); ''tüj'', ''tüjă'', ''tüji'' (“yours (singular)”); ''süji'' ("one's own (reflexive possessive pronoun"); ''nos'' ("our"); ''vosă'' (“yours” (plural)).{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=-188—189}}{{sfn|Селищев|1941|pp=441}}{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=114—115}}

The interrogative pronouns are: kåtü (“who”); cü (“what”); koťĕ (“which”, “what”, “what kind”).{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=115—116}}

The determinative pronouns are: vis (“all”), visoťă (“anything”), kozdümĕ (“everyone” (dative)).{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=116—117}}

The negative pronouns are: ''nĕkătü'' (“nobody”), ''nic'' (“nothing”), ''nijadån'' (“not one, no”), ''niťidĕ'' (“nowhere”); all were formed using the prefix ''nĕ''-/''ni''- , which phonetically cannot continue the Proto-Slavic *''ni''-, which would have developed as *''nai''-. K. Polański believed that ''nai''- was supplanted by ''ni''- under the influence of the negative particle ''ni'' (“not”).{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=117—118}}

===Verbs===
As with other inflections, complete verb paradigms cannot be reconstructed due to a lack of attestation. Below is a general overview.

====Aspect====
Verbs may be either perfective or imperfective in [[Aspect (linguistics)|aspect]], expressed by different structures of the verb stem: ''zarăt'' (imperfective) and ''vizrăt'' (perfective) (“look, see”); ''dvai̯zĕ'' (imperfective) and ''dvai̯gnǫt'' (perfective) (“to move”); ''våzdet-să'' (imperfective) and ''våzdevot-să'' (perfective) (“to dress”).{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=122}}

====Tense====
Polabian verbs may inflect for present [[Tense (grammar)|tense]], future tense and three forms of the past tense: [[imperfect]], [[aorist]], as well as two [[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]] tenses, called perfect I and perfect II.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=122—125}}

The stress in present tense verbs always falls on the penultimate syllable, with the exception of verbs with enclitics, in which the stress goes to the last syllable. This type of stress explains the presence of conjugations formed with ''-ĕ-''||''-i-'' (from *''-e-'' ) and with ''-o-''||''-ă-'' (from *''-a(je)-''). The alternation in the verbs of these conjugations of full vowels and reduced vowels depends both on the presence or absence of enclitics, and on the presence of consonants or whole syllables after the vowel. The differences in the types of conjugations concern only the forms of the 1st person singular.
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
 ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2" |Person
 ! colspan="3" |Present conjugation type I (''-ĕ-'' : ''-i-'')
 |-
 ! style="width:70px" |singular
 ! style="width:70px" |plural
 ! style="width:70px" |dual	
 |-
 ! First person
 | ''-ą''
 | ''-mĕ''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Second person
 | ''-s''
 | ''-tĕ''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Third person
 | ''-Ø''
 | ''-ą''
 | ''-tă : -to''
 |}
 |valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
 ! style="width:100px" rowspan="2" |Person
 ! colspan="3" |Present conjugation type II (''-o-'' : ''-ă-'')
 |-
 ! style="width:70px" |Singular
 ! style="width:70px" |Plural
 ! style="width:70px" |Dual 	
 |-
 ! First person
 | ''-m''
 | ''-mĕ''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Second person
 | ''-s''
 | ''-tĕ''
 | ''–''
 |-
 ! Third person
 | ''-Ø''
 | ''-ą''
 | ''-tă : -to''
 |}
|}

The future tense is formed by adding the auxiliary verb ''cą'' (“I want”) to the [[infinitive]] of the main verb of the present tense form: ''ci sneg ai̯t'' (“it will snow”), ''vån ci-să sḿot'' (“he will laugh”). According to T. Lehr-Spławiński, A. E. Suprun and some other scholars, forms of the future tense could also be formed with the auxiliary verb ''met'' (“to have”): ''joz mom sijot'' (“I will sew”), K. Polyansky considered the verb ''met'' in these cases is a modal verb  - “I must sew.”

The use of the imperfect ''joz tех'' (“I wanted”), ''mes'' (“had”), ''ni-băs'' (“I wasn't”) and the aorist (''sådĕ'' (“went”), ''våzą'' (“took”), ''påci'' (“fell”)) attested by a few examples.

The perfect I tense is formed by adding the past participle form with *''-lъ'' from the main verb and the present tense form of the verb “to be”: ''ją plokol'' (“cried”), ''ją våi̯ai̯dål'' (“went out”). Not many such complex perfect forms are attested, and were replaced by forms formed by combining participial forms with their corresponding personal pronouns: ''joz plokol'' (“I cried”), ''joz sijol'' (“I sat down”), ''vån jedål'' (“he ate”). The perfect II was probably formed under the influence of the perfect of the German language (formed using the verbs haben (“to have”) or sein (“to be”): ''ich habe geschrieben'' (“I wrote”)), as in Polabian it is also formed by the combination of the auxiliary verbs ''met'' (“to have”) and ''båi̯t'' (“to be”) and the passive participle: ''vån mo nodenă'' (“he found”), ''ją våpodenă'' (“fell”), ''ją ai̯ḿartĕ'' (“died”).

====Mood====
The indicative and imperative moods are attested.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=125}} The subjunctive mood is not found in any of the surviving texts. The imperative may be formed with a null morpheme or with ''-ai̯'', which may be followed by an enclitic: ''ai̯plot'' (“pay”), ''püd'' (“go”), ''ricai̯-mĕ'' (“tell him”), ''jimai̯'' jĕg (“catch him”), ''ai̯plotai̯- mĕ'' (“pay me”).

====Voice====
The passive voice form is formed mainly with the help of the auxiliary verb ''vardot'', borrowed from German ''werden'' (become): ''kǫsonĕ vardol'' ("was bitten"), ''vårdă zazonă'' ("was lit"). There are several examples of forms formed by combining the passive participle with the verb ''båi̯t'' (“to be”), perhaps also being forms of the passive voice. Also, forms of the passive voice are formed using reflexive verbs with the particle ''să'',: ''vinai̯ biją-să'' (“they are being hit”).

====Other verb forms====
In Polabian, forms such as the [[infinitive]], the active present [[participle]], the passive participle and the [[gerund]] are attested. T. Lehr-Spławiński, based on the fact that most infinitive forms have stress on the penultimate syllable and several other forms have stress on the last syllable, did not exclude the possibility that [[supine]] could have existed in Polabian.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=127}}

Infinitives are formed with ''-t'': ''voi̯vist'' (“to bring out”), ''vist'' (“to carry”).{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=220—225}}

Active participles are formed with ''-ąc-'': ''kǫ̇săjącĕ'' (“biting”), ''l'otojącă'' (“flying”).{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=217—218}}

Passive participles are formed from the verb stem using one of three suffixes: ''-tĕ'' (''-tă''), ''-nĕ'' (-nă), ''-enĕ'' (-enă): ''nopücǫ̇tă'' (“begun”), ''ai̯ḿortĕ'' (“put to death”, “killed”){{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=226—229}}

Gerunds, or verbal nouns, are formed on the basis of the passive participle and extended with ''-ĕ/-ă'' (from *''-ьje''), due to the reduction of the vowel in the ending in an unstressed position, it is not always possible to distinguish between a verbal noun and a passive participle. Most often in texts, the gerund appears in the form of the nominative singular, but forms are also found in other cases, in particular in the dative: ''strai̯zinĕ'' (from the verb “to cut”), ''zomăcenă'' (from the verb “to soak”), ''vecenĕ'' (from the verb “to shout”), ''(kå) voi̯gărnińĕ'' (“to stop”, from the verb “to stop”).{{sfn|Lehr-Spławiński|1929|pp=229—230}}

===Syntax===
The word order in Polabian appeared to be as in other Slavic languages, that is, free.{{sfn|Polański|2010|pp=171—172}}