Editing Polyketide (section)

== Applications ==
Polyketide [[antibiotic]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-09|title=5.13E: Polyketide Antibiotics |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/5%3A_Microbial_Metabolism/5.13%3A_Anabolism/5.13E%3A_Polyketide_Antibiotics |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=Biology LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref> [[Antifungal medication|antifungals]],<ref name="Ross_2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ross C, Opel V, Scherlach K, Hertweck C |title=Biosynthesis of antifungal and antibacterial polyketides by Burkholderia gladioli in coculture with Rhizopus microsporus |journal=Mycoses |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=48–55 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25250879 |doi=10.1111/myc.12246 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[cytostatic]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang L, Pu H, Xiang J, Su M, Yan X, Yang D, Zhu X, Shen B, Duan Y, Huang Y |display-authors=3 |title=Huanglongmycin A-C, Cytotoxic Polyketides Biosynthesized by a Putative Type II Polyketide Synthase From ''Streptomyces'' sp. CB09001 | language=en |journal=Frontiers in Chemistry |volume=6 |pages=254 |date=2018 |pmid=30013965 |pmc=6036704 |doi=10.3389/fchem.2018.00254 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018FrCh....6..254J}}</ref> [[anticholesteremic]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan YA, Podevels AM, Kevany BM, Thomas MG |title=Biosynthesis of polyketide synthase extender units |journal=Natural Product Reports |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=90–114 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19374124 |pmc=2766543 |doi=10.1039/b801658p}}</ref> [[antiparasitics]],<ref name="Ross_2014"/> [[coccidiostat]]s, [[Growth factor|animal growth promoters]] and natural [[insecticide]]s<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim HJ, Choi SH, Jeon BS, Kim N, Pongdee R, Wu Q, Liu HW |display-authors=3|title=Chemoenzymatic synthesis of spinosyn A |journal=Angewandte Chemie |volume=53 |issue=49 |pages=13553–13557 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25287333 |pmc=4266379 |doi=10.1002/anie.201407806}}</ref> are in commercial use.

=== Medicinal ===
There are more than 10,000 known polyketides, 1% of which are known to have potential for drug activity.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://pubs.acs.org/doi/book/10.1021/bk-2007-0955 |title=Polyketides: Biosynthesis, Biological Activity, and Genetic Engineering|chapter=A Plethora of Polyketides: Structures, Biological Activities, and Enzymes |date=2007-01-11 |publisher=American Chemical Society |isbn=978-0-8412-3978-4| veditors=Rimando AM, Baerson SR |series=ACS Symposium Series|volume=955 |location=Washington, DC |language=en |doi=10.1021/bk-2007-0955.ch001 |last1=Baerson |first1=Scott R. |last2=Rimando |first2=Agnes M. |pages=2–14 }}</ref> Polyketides comprise 20% of the top-selling pharmaceuticals with combined worldwide revenues of over USD 18 billion per year.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weissman K, Leadlay B |year=2005 |pages=925–936 |volume=3 |title=Combinatorial biosynthesis of reduced polyketides |language=en |journal=[[Nature Reviews Microbiology]] |issue=12 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1287|pmid=16322741 |s2cid=205496204 }}</ref>
{|
|+ '''Polyketides'''
|-
|[[File:Geldanamycin.svg|180px]]
|[[File:Doxycycline.svg|180px]]
|[[File:Erythromycin A.svg|250px]]
|[[File:(–)-Aflatoxin B1 Structural Formulae V.1.svg|150px]]
|-
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;" width=180px |[[Geldanamycin]], an antibiotic.
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;" width=180px |[[Doxycycline]], an antibiotic.
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;" width=250px |[[Erythromycin]], an antibiotic.
|style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;" width=150px |[[Aflatoxin B1]] known [[carcinogen]]ic compound.
|}

==== Examples ====
* [[Macrolide]]s
** [[Pikromycin]], the first isolated macrolide (1950<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brockmann |first=Hans |last2=Henkel |first2=Willfried |date=1950-01-01 |title=Pikromycin, ein neues Antibiotikum aus Actinomyceten |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00638597 |journal=Naturwissenschaften |language=de |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=138–139 |doi=10.1007/BF00638597 |issn=1432-1904|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brockmann H, Henkel W | year = 1951 | pages = 284–288 | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | title = Pikromycin, ein bitter schmeckendes Antibioticum aus Actinomyceten | language = German | trans-title = Pikromycin, a bitter tasting antibiotic from an actinomycete | journal = [[Chem. Ber.]] | doi = 10.1002/cber.19510840306}}</ref>)
** The [[antibiotic]]s [[erythromycin|erythromycin A]], [[clarithromycin]], and [[azithromycin]]
** The [[antihelminthic]]s [[ivermectin]]
* [[Ansamycin]]s
** The [[antitumor]] agents [[geldanamycin]] and [[macbecin]],
** The [[antibiotic]] [[rifamycin]]
* [[Polyene]]s
** The [[antifungal medication|antifungals]] [[amphotericin]], [[nystatin]] and [[pimaricin]]
* [[Polyether]]s
** The [[antibiotic]] [[monensin]]
* [[Tetracycline]]s 
** The antibiotic agent [[doxycycline]]
* [[Acetogenin]]s
** [[bullatacin]]
** [[squamocin]]
** [[molvizarin]]
** [[uvaricin]]
** [[annonacin]]
* Others
** The [[immunosuppressant]]s [[tacrolimus|tacrolimus (FK506)]] (a [[calcineurin]] inhibitor) and [[sirolimus]] (rapamycin) (a [[mTOR]] inhibitor)
** [[Radicicol]] and the pochonin family ([[HSP90]] inhibitors)
** The [[cholesterol]] lowering agent [[lovastatin]]
** [[Discodermolide]]
** [[Aflatoxin]]
** [[Usnic acid]]
** [[Anthracimycin]]
** [[Anthramycin]]
** [[Olivetolic acid]] (intermediate in [[cannabinoid]] pathways)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gagne SJ, Stout JM, Liu E, Boubakir Z, Clark SM, Page JE |display-authors=3| title = Identification of olivetolic acid cyclase from Cannabis sativa reveals a unique catalytic route to plant polyketides | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 31 | pages = 12811–12816 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22802619 | pmc = 3411943 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1200330109 | bibcode = 2012PNAS..10912811G | doi-access = free}}</ref>

=== Agricultural ===
Polyketides can be used for crop protection as [[pesticide]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li S, Yang B, Tan GY, Ouyang LM, Qiu S, Wang W, Xiang W, Zhang L | display-authors = 3 | title = Polyketide pesticides from actinomycetes | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 69 | pages = 299–307 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 34102376 | doi = 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.006 | series = Chemical Biotechnology ● Pharmaceutical Biotechnology | s2cid = 235378697}}</ref>

==== Examples ====
* Pesticides
** [[spinosad]] or spinosyn (an [[insecticide]])
** [[avermectin]]
** polynactins
** tetramycin

=== Industrial ===
Polyketides can be used for industrial purposes, such as pigmentation<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Caro Y, Venkatachalam M, Lebeau J, Fouillaud M, Dufossé L |veditors=Merillon JM, Ramawat KG |display-authors=3|chapter=Pigments and Colorants from Filamentous Fungi|date=2016|title=Fungal Metabolites|pages=1–70|series=Reference Series in Phytochemistry|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|isbn=978-3-319-19456-1|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-19456-1_26-1}}</ref> and dietary flavonoids.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tauchen J, Huml L, Rimpelova S, Jurášek M |title=Flavonoids and Related Members of the Aromatic Polyketide Group in Human Health and Disease: Do They Really Work? |journal=Molecules |volume=25 |issue=17 |pages=3846 |date=August 2020 |pmid=32847100 |pmc=7504053 |doi=10.3390/molecules25173846 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Examples ====
* Pigments
** azaphilones
** [[hydroxyanthraquinone]]s
** [[naphthoquinone]]s
* Flavonoids
** [[curcumin]]
** [[silymarin]]
** [[daidzein]]