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Pope Clement XII
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===Foreign policy=== Politically, however, this was not a successful papacy among the secular powers of Europe. When the attempt of Papal forces to take over the ancient independent Republic of [[San Marino]] failed, Clement XII disavowed the arbitrary action of his legate, Cardinal [[Giulio Alberoni]], in seizing San Marino, and restored its independence. He was also rebuffed in Papal claims over the [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]].<ref name=Loughlin/> In August 1730 he gave permission for [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy]] to carry out a [[morganatic marriage]] to [[Anna Canalis di Cumiana]]. Victor Amadeus II subsequently abdicated his throne causing great unrest in [[Duchy of Savoy|Savoy]].
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