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Power (statistics)
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==''A priori'' vs. ''post hoc'' analysis== {{further|Post hoc analysis}} Power analysis can either be done before (''a priori'' or prospective power analysis) or after (''post hoc'' or retrospective power analysis) data are collected. ''A priori'' power analysis is conducted prior to the research study, and is typically used in [[estimating sample sizes|estimating sufficient sample sizes]] to achieve adequate power. ''Post-hoc'' analysis of "observed power" is conducted after a study has been completed, and uses the obtained sample size and effect size to determine what the power was in the study, assuming the effect size in the sample is equal to the effect size in the population. Whereas the utility of prospective power analysis in experimental design is universally accepted, post hoc power analysis is controversial. Many statisticians have argued that post-hoc power calculations are misleading and essentially meaningless.<ref name="HH1">{{cite journal |last1=Hoenig |last2=Heisey |year=2001 |title=The Abuse of Power |journal=[[The American Statistician]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=19β24 |doi=10.1198/000313001300339897}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas, L. |year=1997 |url=http://eprints.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/00000417/01/ThomasCB1997.pdf |title=Retrospective power analysis |journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=276β280|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96102.x |bibcode=1997ConBi..11..276T |hdl=10023/679 }}</ref>
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