Editing Project Plowshare (section)

== Non-nuclear tests ==
In addition to the nuclear tests, Plowshare executed a number of non-nuclear test projects in an attempt to learn more about how the nuclear explosives could best be used.  Several of these projects led to practical utility as well as to furthering knowledge about large explosives. These projects included:<ref name="Executive Summary"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Test  name
!Date
!Location
!Type
!Depth of Burial
!Medium
!Yield
!Note
|-
!Pre-Gnome
|February 10–16, 1959
|Southeast  of Carlsbad, New Mexico
|seismic  experiment (High explosive)
|1,200&nbsp;ft (365.8 m), each
|Bedded  salt
|3.65  tons
|Three  seismic experiments to measure ground shock for the planned GNOME nuclear  test.
|-
!Toboggan
|November–December 1959 & April–June 1960
|Nevada  Test Site
|ditching  experiment (High explosive, TNT)
|3  to 20&nbsp;ft (1 to 6.1 m)
|Playa  (combination of silt and clay)
|Series  of 122 detonations of both linear and point HE charges
|Study  ditching characteristics of both-end detonated and multidetonated HE  explosives in preparation for nuclear row charge experiments.
|-
!Hobo
|February–April 1960
|Nevada  Test Site
|seismic  experiment (High explosive, TNT)
|Unknown
|Tuff
|Three  explosions, varying from 500 to 1,000&nbsp;lb. charges each
|To  study rock fracturing and related phenomena produced by contained explosions.
|-
!Stagecoach
|March 1960
|Nevada  Test Site
|excavation  experiment (High explosive, TNT)
|Shot  1 – 80&nbsp;ft (24.4 m); Shot 2  17.1&nbsp;ft (5.2 m); Shot 3 – 34.2&nbsp;ft (10.4 m)
|Alluvium
|Three  40,000&nbsp;lb. charges
|Examine  blast, seismic effects and throw out characteristics in preparation for  nuclear cratering experiments.
|-
!Plowboy
|March–July 1960
|[[Winnfield, Louisiana]]
|experiment
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Mining operation to examine high explosive-induced fracturing of salt.
|-
!Buckboard
|July–September  1960
|Nevada  Test Site
|excavation  experiment (High explosive, TNT)
|5 to 59.85&nbsp;ft (1.5 to 18.24 m)
|Basalt
|Three  40,000&nbsp;lb. charges and ten 1,000&nbsp;lb. charges
|Establish  depth of burst curves for underground explosives in a hard rock medium.
|-
!Pinot
|August 2, 1960
|Rifle,  Colorado
|tracer  experiment (High explosive, [[nitromethane]])
|610&nbsp;ft (185.9 m)
|Oil  shale
|Unknown
|To  determine how gases in a confined underground explosion migrate.
|-
!Scooter
|17:17 am, 13 October 1960<ref>{{cite press release |last= |first= |date=13 October 1960 |title=Press Release, Subject: A Charge of 500 Tons of Chemical High Explosive (Non-Nuclear) was Detonated at 7:17 a.m. Today at the NTS (Plowshare)  |url=https://www.osti.gov/opennet/detail?osti-id=16112563 |url-status= |location= |publisher= |agency=Atomic Energy Commission |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref>
|Nevada  Test Site
|excavation  experiment (High explosive, TNT)
|125&nbsp;ft (38.1 m)
|Alluvium
|500 ton charges
|To study crater dimension, throw out material distribution, [[ground motion]], dust cloud growth, and long-range air blast.

Initially scheduled for July,<ref>{{cite report |date=31 July 1960 |title=TWX to OBrien et al, Subject: High Explosive Scooter Detonation has been Delayed  |url=https://www.osti.gov/opennet/detail?osti-id=16372937 |publisher=Atomic Energy Commission |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> the shot was delayed due to the accidental use of dummy detonators. As the detonators had to be placed in the center of the charge, organizers were required to dig down to the TNT charge and then use a steam heated mandrel to melt to its center, an extremely hazardous process.<ref name=dragon>{{cite report |last=Carothers |first=J |date=June 1995 |title=Caging the dragon: the containment of underground nuclear explosions |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/524871 |publisher=USDOE Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, NV (United States); Defense Nuclear Agency, Alexandria, VA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States) |pages=65–68 |osti= 524871|docket=DOE/NV-388; DNA-TR-95-74; DE98000017 |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|-
!Rowboat
|June 1961
|Nevada  Test Site
|row-charge  experiment (High explosive, TNT)
|Varied
|Alluvium
|8  detonations of series of four 278&nbsp;lb. charges
|To  study the effects of depth of burial and charge separation on crater  dimensions.
|-
!Yo-Yo
|Summer 1961
|At  LRL, near Tracy, California
|simulated  excavation experiment (High explosive)
|Varied
|Oil-sand mixture
|100 gm charges
|To  develop estimates for the quantities of radiation released to the atmosphere  by a cratering detonation.
|-
!Pre-Buggy I
|November  1962 – February 1963
|Nevada Test Site
|row-charge  experiment (High explosive, nitromethane)
|15  to 21.4&nbsp;ft (4.57 to 6.52 m) for single-charge detonations; all row-charge  detonations at 19.8&nbsp;ft (6.04 m)
|Alluvium
|Six single-charge detonations, four multiple-charge
|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nuclear Cratering Group study of row- charge phenomenology and effects  in preparation for nuclear row-charge tests.
|-
!Pre-Buggy II
|June–August  1963
|Nevada  Test Site
|row-charge experiment (High explosive, nitromethane)
|18.5 to 23&nbsp;ft (5.64 to 7.0 m)
|Alluvium
|Five rows of five 1,000&nbsp;lb. charges
|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nuclear Cratering Group study of row-charge phenomenology and effects in  preparation for a nuclear row- charge experiment.
|-
!Pre-Schooner I
|February 1964
|Nevada Test Site
|cratering experiment (High explosive, nitromethane)
|42 to 66&nbsp;ft (18.3 to 20.1 m)
|Basalt
|Four 40,000&nbsp;lb. spherical charges
|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nuclear Cratering Group study of basic cratering phenomenology  in preparation for nuclear cratering experiments.
|-
!Dugout
|June 24, 1964
|Nevada Test Site
|row charge experiment (High explosive, nitromethane)
|59&nbsp;ft (18.0 m)
|Basalt
|simultaneous detonation of a row of five 20 ton charges placed 45 feet (13.7 m) apart (1 crater radius)
|Study  fundamental processes involved in row charge excavating dense, hard rock.
|-
!Pre-Schooner II
|September 30, 1965
|Owyhee County, southwestern Idaho
|cratering experiment (high explosive, nitromethane)
|71&nbsp;ft (21.6 m)
|Rhyolite
|85  ton charge
|Obtain  data for proposed Schooner nuclear cratering test, particularly cavity  growth, seismic effects, and air blast.
|-
!Pre-Gondola I, II, III
|October  1966 – October 1969
|Near  Fort Peck Reservoir, Valley County, Montana
|excavation  experiments (High explosive, nitromethane)
|Varied
|Saturated  Bearclaw shale
|Pre-Gondola  I, four 20-ton charges; Pre-Gondola II, row of five charges totaling 140  tons; Pre-Gondola III, Phase I, three rows of seven one-ton charges; Phase  II, one row of seven 30- ton charges; Phase III, one row of five charges  varying from five to 35 tons and totaling 70 tons
|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nuclear Cratering Group project to provide seismic calibration test data and  cratering characteristics for excavation projects.
|-
!Tugboat
|November  1969 – December 1970
|[[Kawaihae, Hawaii|Kawaihae Bay, Hawaii]]
|excavation  experiment (High explosive, TNT)
|4–8&nbsp;ft (1.2–2.4 m)
|Water
|Unknown
|To  study excavation of a small boat harbor in a weak coral medium.
|-
!Trinidad
|July–December  1970
|[[Trinidad, Colorado]] (six miles west)
|excavation  experiment (High explosive)
|Unknown
|Sandstone/shale
|Unknown
|Four  series of row-charge detonations to study excavation designs.
|-
!Old Reliable
|August  1971 – March 1972
|Galiuro  Mountains, 44 miles northeast Tucson, Arizona
|fracturing  experiment (High explosive, ammonium nitrate)
|Unknown
|Unknown
|2,002  tons
|To  promote fracturing and in situ leaching of copper ore.
|}