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Prolapse
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==Other species== {{Refimprove|section|date=June 2021}} === Reptiles === Genital prolapse has been reported in snakes and turtles.<ref name="l811">{{cite journal | last=Nasoori | first=Alireza | last2=Taghipour | first2=Ali | last3=Young | first3=Bruce A. | title=Male reproductive behaviour of Naja oxiana (Eichwald, 1831) in captivity, with a case of unilateral hemipenile prolapse| journal=Herpetology Notes | volume=11 | date=2018-12-19 | issn=2071-5773 | pages=1061–1064 | url=https://www.biotaxa.org/hn/article/view/34541 | access-date=2024-08-13}}</ref> ===Birds=== [[Image:BudgieProlapse.png|thumb|right|An [[egg binding|egg-bound]] [[budgerigar]] hen with a prolapsed vagina and her mate]] [[Oviduct]] prolapse is an often fatal condition in birds. When an egg is laid, the vagina everts through the [[cloaca]] to deliver the egg. Large eggs and avian obesity are contributors to this condition. Immediate veterinary assistance is paramount to the survival of a bird with prolapse. Even with immediate medical intervention the chances for survival are usually uncertain. Untreated birds will begin to tear at the injury site, and other flockmates will begin to cannibalize the prolapse area, a behaviour commonly known as pickout. ===Cattle=== [[Bovine prolapsed uterus|Prolapsed uterus]] in cattle, particularly dairy cattle, generally occurs in the first 12 hours post-calving.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calving Time Management for Beef Cows and Heifers - Oklahoma State University |url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/calving-time-management-for-beef-cows-and-heifers.html |website=extension.okstate.edu |access-date=11 May 2022 |language=en |date=1 January 2018}}</ref> Frequent causes are [[hypocalcemia]] combined with irritation of the birth canal, causing straining. Replacement of the protrusion, which can range from the size of a softball to the hanging of the entire [[uterus]] down below the hocks, is performed with the cow in sternal recumbency, an [[epidural]] injection, and hindlimbs 'frogged' rearwards to allow the pelvis to tip forward, easing replacement.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} Careful washing and cleaning prior to replacement is important as is ensuring that the horns are completely everted once inside the cow. Often a Buhner suture is placed in the vulva to prevent subsequent reprolapse. Another type of reproductive prolapse in cattle is so-called [[bovine vaginal prolapse]]. === Sheep === Same as in cows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaginal and Cervical Prolapse in Cattle and Sheep - Reproductive System |url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/vaginal-and-cervical-prolapse/vaginal-and-cervical-prolapse-in-cattle-and-sheep |website=MSD Veterinary Manual |access-date=11 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> <gallery> File:Forboutaedje berbis agnea.jpg|With newborn lamb File:Forboutaedje berbis netieure.jpg|With afterbirth File:Forboutaedje berbis mannete velire.jpg|Stained uterus (12 hours out) File:Forboutaedje berbis divant souke.jpg|Before re-positioning </gallery> ===Pigs=== Rectal prolapse is a condition routinely identified in pigs on farms and at slaughterhouses. If not reduced quickly, prolapses in pigs become necrotic and infected, and risk being cannibalized by other pen mates. If the latter happens it normally results in death of the animal by [[sepsis]], shock or faecal [[peritonitis]]. === Horses and mules === Rectal prolapse occurring in [[horse]] and [[mule]] would be better termed '''anal prolapse''', as it only involves mucous membrane moving posteriorly to form a circular protrusion outside the anus <ref>The Merck Veterinary Manual, 3rd ed.‚ Merck and co. Inc. Rahway, N.J., USA, 1967</ref> The condition is not painful. In [[mare]]s after [[parturition]], it is described as a 10 to 60 mm mucous protrusion.<ref>V.L. Tharp, in Cattcott E.J. & Smithcors J.F. Equine Medicine and Surgery, American Veterinary Publications Inc., 2nd ed 1972, French translation Vigot Frères, Paris, France, 1974, {{ISBN|2-7114-0653-9}}. {{OCLC|461509749}}.</ref> Anal prolapse in young mules and foals occurs with a frequency similar to that of ''[[Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xin-Yu |last2=Pape |first2=Thomas |last3=Zhang |first3=Dong |date=2019 |title=Taxonomic review of Gasterophilus (Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) of the world, with updated nomenclature, keys, biological notes, and distributions |journal=ZooKeys |language=en |issue=891 |pages=119–156 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.891.38560 |pmid=31802974 |pmc=6882926 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019ZooK..891..119L }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=sa tử cung |url=https://thuocnampqa.vn/benh-sa-tu-cung |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> In extensive breeding conditions, the disease is only recognized after some days, leading to intense [[edema]] of prolapsed tissues and [[necrosis]] of the mucous membrane. Early cases in should be treated with the application of hygroscopic substances like powdered [[sugar]] followed by [[purse-string suturing]]. When prolapsed tissues are edematous and necrotic, amputation is performed. The prognosis is fair as the removed tissues do not contain any important organs or large blood vessels. <gallery> File:Forboutaedje rectom moulet stampé.jpg|on a mule File:Forboutaedje rectom polin.jpg|on a foal File:Forboutaedje rectom moulet udinme.jpg|submucosal edema File:Forboutaedje rectom moulet bokets.jpg|Simple removal of prolapsed edematous tissues </gallery>
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