Editing Public broadcasting (section)

==== Canada ====
{{see also|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}
In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC; {{langx|fr|Société Radio-Canada}}), a [[State-owned enterprise|crown corporation]] – which originated as a radio network in November 1936. It is the successor to the [[Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission]] (CRBC), which was established by the administration of Prime Minister [[R.B. Bennett]] in 1932, modeled on recommendations made in 1929 by the [[Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting]] and stemming from lobbying efforts by the [[Canadian Radio League]]. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation took over operation of the CRBC's nine radio stations (which were largely concentrated in major cities across Canada, including [[Toronto]], Vancouver, [[Montreal]], and [[Ottawa]]). The CBC eventually expanded to television in September 1952 with the sign-on of [[CBFT-DT|CBFT]] in Montreal; CBFT was the first television station in Canada to initiate full-time broadcasts, which initially served as a primary affiliate of the French language Télévision de Radio-Canada and a secondary affiliate of the [[Canadian English|English language]] CBC Television service.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Birth and Death of The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1932–1936) |url=https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/birth-and-death-canadian-radio-broadcasting-commission-1932-1936 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017213904/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/birth-and-death-canadian-radio-broadcasting-commission-1932-1936 |archive-date=October 17, 2017 |access-date=June 23, 2017 |website=[[Canadian Communications Foundation]]}}</ref>

CBC operates two national television networks ([[CBC Television]] and [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé]]), four radio networks ([[CBC Radio One]], [[CBC Radio 2]], [[Ici Radio-Canada Première]], and [[Ici Musique]]) and several cable television channels including two 24-hour news channels ([[CBC News Network]] and [[Ici RDI]]) in both of Canada's official languages – English and French – and the French-language channels [[Ici Explora]] and [[Ici ARTV]], dedicated to science and culture respectively. CBC's national television operations and some radio operations are funded partly by advertisements, in addition to the subsidy provided by the federal government. The cable channels are commercial entities owned and operated by the CBC and do not receive any direct public funds, however, they do benefit from synergies with resources from the other CBC operations. The CBC has frequently dealt with budget cuts and labour disputes, often resulting in a debate about whether the service has the resources necessary to properly fulfill its mandate.

{{As of|2017}}, all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are [[Owned-and-operated station|owned and operated]] by the CBC directly. The number of privately owned CBC Television affiliates has gradually declined in recent years, as the network has moved its programming to stations opened by the corporation or has purchased certain affiliates from private broadcasting groups; budgetary issues led the CBC to choose not to launch new rebroadcast transmitters in markets where the network disaffiliated from a private station after 2006; the network dropped its remaining private affiliates in 2016, when [[CJDC-TV]]&#x2014;[[Dawson Creek]] and [[CFTK-TV]]&#x2014;[[Terrace, British Columbia]] defected from CBC Television that February and [[Lloydminster]]-based [[CKSA-DT]] disaffiliated in August of that year (to become affiliates of [[CTV Two]] and [[Global Television Network|Global]], respectively). The CBC's decision to disaffiliate from these and other privately owned stations, as well as the corporation decommissioning its network of rebroadcasters following [[Digital terrestrial television in Canada|Canada's transition to digital television]] in August 2011 have significantly reduced the terrestrial coverage of both CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé; the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) does require cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry CBC and Radio-Canada stations as part of their basic tier, regardless of terrestrial availability in an individual market.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 28, 2014 |title=Broadcast Distribution Regulations (ss. 17(d) and 17(f)) |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-97-555/FullText.html#s-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150203/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-97-555/FullText.html#s-17 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 23, 2017 |website=Justice Laws Website |publisher=[[Department of Justice (Canada)|Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Of the three major French-language television networks in Canada, Ici Radio-Canada Télé is the only one that maintains terrestrial owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in all ten [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]], although it maintains only one station ([[Moncton, New Brunswick]]-based [[CBAFT-DT]]) that serves the four provinces comprising [[Atlantic Canada]].

In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into [[new media]] ventures including the online radio service [[CBC Radio 3]], [[music streaming]] service [[CBC Music]], and the launch of online news services, such as [[CBC Hamilton]], in some markets which are not directly served by their own CBC television or radio stations.

In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from the primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS), which itself is available terrestrially and – under a CRTC rule that requires Canadian cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry affiliates of the four major U.S. commercial networks ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[NBC]], [[CBS]] and [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]) and a PBS member station<ref>{{cite news |date=September 12, 1994 |title=Canadian cablecos to do the FOX trot. |newspaper=Alberta Report / Newsmagazine |page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Etan Vlessing |date=July 31, 2009 |title=Canada-U.S. cross-border station shake-up |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/canada-cross-border-station-shake-87165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726084805/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/canada-cross-border-station-shake-87165 |archive-date=July 26, 2017 |access-date=June 23, 2017 |periodical=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Nielsen Holdings|The Nielsen Company]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> – through pay television providers in Canada via member stations located near the [[Canada–United States border|U.S.–Canada border]]. These educational public broadcasters include the English-language [[TVOntario]] (TVO) and the French-language [[TFO]] in Ontario, [[Télé-Québec]] in Quebec, and [[Knowledge Network]] in British Columbia. TVO and Télé-Québec operate through conventional transmitters and cable, while TFO and Knowledge Network are cable-only channels. Beyond these and other provincial services, Canada does not have a national public educational network.
[[File:CJAI-islandradio-summer2010.jpg|right|thumb|Amherst Island public radio]]
Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private. [[CTV Two Alberta]], which is licensed as an educational television station in Alberta, was once owned by the [[Government of Alberta|Alberta government]] as the public broadcaster Access. In 1993, the provincial government agreed to cease to direct funding of Access after the 1994 fiscal year; the channel was sold to [[CHUM Limited]] in 1995, which initially acquired the channel through a majority-owned subsidiary, Learning and Skills Television of Alberta Limited (LSTA).<ref>{{cite web |date=1995-07-20 |title=Decision CRTC 95–472 |url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1995/DB95-472.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004135121/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1995/DB95-472.HTM |archive-date=2012-10-04 |access-date=2011-09-03 |publisher=CRTC}}</ref> To fulfill its license conditions as an educational station, it broadcasts educational and children's programming during the [[Daytime television|daytime]] hours, while airing entertainment programming favoured by advertisers and viewers in prime time. The service discontinued its broadcast transmitters in [[Calgary]] and [[Edmonton]] in August 2011, due to the expense of transitioning the two stations to [[Digital terrestrial television|digital]], and the fact that the service had mandatory carriage on television providers serving Alberta regardless of whether it ran over-the-air transmitters. The service has since operated as part of [[Bell Media]]'s [[CTV Two]] chain of stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Applicant response dated 6 December 2010 |url=https://services.crtc.gc.ca/pub/DocWebBroker/OpenDocument.aspx?AppNo=201012616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628081027/https://services.crtc.gc.ca/pub/DocWebBroker/OpenDocument.aspx?AppNo=201012616 |archive-date=2013-06-28 |access-date=2011-03-17}}</ref>

Public radio station [[CKUA Radio Network|CKUA]] in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the non-profit CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as a community-funded radio network. [[CJRT-FM]] in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising.

[[City Saskatchewan]] originated as the Saskatchewan Communications Network, a cable-only educational and cultural public broadcaster owned by the [[government of Saskatchewan]]. SCN was sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation in 2010, and like CTV Two Alberta did when it became privatized, incorporated a limited schedule of entertainment programming during the late afternoon and nighttime hours, while retaining educational and children's programs during the morning until mid-afternoon to fulfill its licensing conditions; Bluepoint later sold the channel to [[Rogers Media]] in 2012, expanding a relationship it began with SCN in January of that year, when Rogers began supplying entertainment programming to the channel through an affiliation agreement with its English-language broadcast network, [[City (TV network)|Citytv]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-21 |title=Sask. TV network sold to Ontario firm |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-tv-network-sold-to-ontario-firm-1.897892 |access-date=2010-06-21 |work=CBC News}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/898133/citytv-and-scn-sign-affiliate-agreement Citytv and SCN Sign Affiliate Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929132307/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/898133/citytv-and-scn-sign-affiliate-agreement|date=2013-09-29}} CNW press release 2011-12-20</ref><ref>[http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/national/article/203765--citytv-expanding-into-quebec-western-canada Citytv expanding into Quebec & Western Canada] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509185944/http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/national/article/203765--citytv-expanding-into-quebec-western-canada|date=May 9, 2012}}, ''[[CityNews]]'', May 3, 2012.</ref> One television station, [[CFTU-TV|CFTU]] in Montreal, operates as an educational station owned by CANAL ({{langx|fr|Corporation pour l'Avancement de Nouvelles Applications des Langages Ltée|lit=Corporation for the Advancement of New Language Applications Ltd.}}), a private not-for-profit consortium of educational institutions in the province of Quebec.

Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local [[Community channel (Canada)|community channel]] in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel.

Canada also has a large number of [[campus radio]] and [[community radio]] stations.