Editing Pullman Strike (section)

===Politics===
[[File:The Vanguard of Anarchy -- Eugene Debs -- Pullman Strike 1894.jpg|thumb|''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' labeled Eugene Debs and the strike organizers as "The Vanguard of [[Anarchy]]", July 21, 1894.|upright]]

Following his release from prison in 1895, ARU President Debs became a committed advocate of [[socialism]], helping in 1897 to launch the [[Social Democracy of America]], a forerunner of the [[Socialist Party of America]]. He ran for president in 1900 for the first of five times as head of the Socialist Party ticket.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-V-Debs|title=Eugene V. Debs {{!}} American social and labour leader|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-11-16|language=en}}</ref>

Civil as well as criminal charges were brought against the organizers of the strike and Debs in particular, and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] issued a unanimous decision, ''[[In re Debs]],'' that rejected Debs' actions. The Illinois Governor [[John P. Altgeld]] was incensed at Cleveland for putting the federal government at the service of the employers, and for rejecting Altgeld's plan to use his state militia rather than federal troops to keep order.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Zavodnyik |title=The Rise of the Federal Colossus: The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0v8LMPyZzNEC&pg=PA233 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=233–34 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617112957/https://books.google.com/books?id=0v8LMPyZzNEC&pg=PA233 |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |isbn=9780313392948 }}</ref>

Cleveland's administration appointed a national commission to study the causes of the 1894 strike; it found George Pullman's [[paternalism]] partly to blame and described the operations of his [[company town]] to be "un-American".<ref>Stanley Buder, ''Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880–1930''</ref> The report condemned Pullman for refusing to negotiate and for the economic hardships he created for workers in the town of Pullman. "The aesthetic features are admired by visitors, but have little money value to employees, especially when they lack bread."<ref name=Archaeology>{{cite journal|author=Pearon, Arthur Melville|date=January–February 2009|title=Utopia Derailed|journal=Archaeology|volume=62|issue=1|pages=46–49|issn=0003-8113 |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0901/abstracts/pullman.html|access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref> The State of Illinois filed suit, and in 1898 the [[Illinois Supreme Court]] forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town, as its company charter did not authorize such operations. The town was annexed to Chicago.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dennis R. Judd |author2=Paul Kantor |title=Enduring tensions in urban politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsTxAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Macmillan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425202219/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsTxAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=April 25, 2016 |isbn=9780023614552 }}</ref> Much of it is now designated as an historic district, which is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].