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Quinone
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=== Biochemistry === Numerous quinones are significant roles in biology. Vitamin K, which is involved in coagulation of blood, is a quinone. [[Ubiquinone]]-10 is a naturally occurring 1,4-benzoquinone involved in [[Cellular respiration|respiration]] apparatus. [[Plastoquinone]] is a redox relay involved in photosynthesis. [[Pyrroloquinoline quinone]] is another biological redox cofactor. [[File:Ubiquinone.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|right|Ubiquinones, as their name implies, are ubiquitous in living creatures, being components of respiratory apparatus.]] [[File:Gentisyl quinone isovalerate.png|class=skin-invert-image|Blattellaquinone, a sex pheromone in cockroaches|thumb|right]] Quinones are conjectured to occur in all respiring organisms.<ref name=Obrien>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0009-2797(91)90029-7|title=Molecular mechanisms of quinone cytotoxicity|year=1991|last1=O'Brien|first1=P.J.|journal=Chemico-Biological Interactions|volume=80|issue=1|pages=1β41|pmid=1913977}}</ref> Some serve as electron acceptors in electron transport chains such as those in [[photosynthesis]] ([[plastoquinone]], [[phylloquinone]]), and [[aerobic respiration]] ([[ubiquinone]]). Phylloquinone is also known as [[Vitamin K|vitamin K<sub>1</sub>]] as it is used by animals to carboxylate certain proteins, which are involved in [[blood coagulation]], [[bone]] formation, and other processes. Conversely, the toxicity of [[paracetamol]] is due to its metabolism to a [[NAPQI|quinone imine]], which then reacts with liver proteins to cause liver failure. The auto-oxidation of the neurotransmitter [[dopamine]] and its precursor L-Dopa generates the comparatively stable dopamine quinone which inhibits the functioning of dopamine transporter (DAT) and the [[Tyrosine hydroxylase|TH]] enzyme and leads to low mitochondrial [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] production.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Molecular Effects of L-dopa Therapy in Parkinson's Disease|last1=Dorszewska|first1=Jolanta|last2=Prendecki|first2=Michal|date=2014-01-31|journal=Current Genomics|volume=15|issue=1|pages=11β17|language=en|doi=10.2174/1389202914666131210213042|pmc=3958954|pmid=24653659|last3=Kozubski|first3=Margarita Lianeri and Wojciech}}</ref> The benzoquinone [[blattellaquinone]] is a sex [[pheromone]] in [[cockroach]]es. In the spray of [[bombardier beetle]]s, hydroquinone reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce a fiery blast of steam, a deterrent in the animal world.
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