Editing Quotation (section)

====Syntax====
In syntactic terms, these direct quotations can be presented in two forms. The first is as the [[complement (linguistics)|complement]] of a quotative verb (e.g. Marie said: "My brother has arrived"), and the second being as a head clause with a quotative [[adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]] (e.g. "My brother has arrived", Marie announces).<ref name="sdq bonami"/> The [[verb phrase]] can be further expanded to include a complement, such as: "They'll never make it!" cried John ''to Mary''. Subjects must precede the complement, otherwise the structure formed will be ungrammatical (e.g. *"They'll never make it!" cried ''to Mary'' John).<ref name="collins"/> Quotative inversion is only allowed when the verb is in the [[simple present]] or the [[simple past]]. The most common pairing is the verb ''said'' with a [[nominal (linguistics)|nominal]] subject, such as: "That's the whole trouble," said Gwen.<ref name="anna">{{cite journal |last1=Cichosz |first1=Anna |title=Parenthetical reporting clauses in the history of English: the development of quotative inversion |journal=English Language and Linguistics |date=March 2019 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=183–214 |doi=10.1017/S1360674317000594 |s2cid=125456450 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/parenthetical-reporting-clauses-in-the-history-of-english-the-development-of-quotative-inversion/D9796FA7297499AFD9B021EEA1A6F56C |access-date=17 April 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Additionally, [[noun phrase]]s are not permitted in addition to the subject when inversion takes place.<ref name="collins"/> They are allowed only when there is no subject-verb inversion, or when part of a preposition phrase.<ref name="bruening"/>
:: a. "Why?" Gabrielle asked the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>No subject-verb inversion</small>
:: b. "Why?" asked Gabrielle of the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>NP part of a preposition phrase</small>
:: c. ''*''"Why?" asked Gabrielle the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>Subject-verb inversion unlikely with an NP in addition to the subject</small>

In English, both verb-subject and subject-verb word orders are permitted:

:: a. "Don't turn back!" warned Marcel.<ref name="collins"/> - <small>Verb-subject order</small>
:: b. "Who's on first?" Swami demanded.<ref name="collins"/> - <small>Subject-verb order</small>

This however, is not the case in all languages. For example, in Peninsular Spanish, this inversion is not allowed. Quotatives must follow verb-subject order:

:: a. ''«No, no es un enanito», rectifica el viejo.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suñer |first1=Margarita |title=The Syntax of Direct Quotes with Special Reference to Spanish and English |journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |date=August 2000 |volume=18 |issue=3 |page=532 |jstor=4047939 }}</ref> - <small>Verb-subject order</small>
:::"No, he is not a gnome", corrects the old man.

:: b. ''*«No, no es un enanito», el viejo rectifica.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matos |first1=Gabriel |title=Quotative Inversion in Peninsular Portuguese and Spanish, and in English |journal=Catalan Journal of Linguistics |date=2013 |volume=12 |page=112 |doi=10.5565/rev/catjl.86 |doi-access=free |hdl=10451/32653 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> - <small>Subject-verb order unlikely for introducing quotations</small>
:::"No, he is not a gnome", the old man corrects.