Editing Refusal of work (section)

==== Cynic philosophical school ====
[[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynicism]] ({{langx|el|κυνισμός}}), in its original form, refers to the beliefs of an ancient [[School (discipline)|school]] of Greek philosophers known as the Cynics ({{langx|el|Κυνικοί}}, {{langx|la|Cynici}}). Their philosophy was that the [[meaning of life|purpose of life]] was to live a life of [[Virtue]] in agreement with [[Nature]]. This meant rejecting all conventional desires for [[wealth]], [[Power (sociology)|power]], [[health]], and [[Celebrity|fame]], and by living a [[simple living|simple life]] free from all possessions. They believed that the [[world]] belonged equally to everyone, and that [[suffering]] was caused by false judgments of what was valuable and by the worthless [[Tradition|customs]] and [[Convention (norm)|conventions]] which surrounded [[society]].

[[Image:Gerome - Diogenes.jpg|left|thumb|[[Diogenes of Sinope]] – depicted by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]]]]
The first philosopher to outline these themes was [[Antisthenes]], who had been a pupil of [[Socrates]] in the late 5th century BCE. He was followed by [[Diogenes of Sinope]], who lived in a tub on the streets of [[Athens]]. Diogenes took Cynicism to its [[logical extreme]]s, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher. He was followed by [[Crates of Thebes]] who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. Cynicism spread with the rise of [[Imperial Rome]] in the 1st century, and Cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the [[Roman Empire|Empire]]. It finally disappeared in the late 5th century, although many of its [[ascetic]] and [[rhetorical]] ideas were adopted by [[early Christianity]]. The name Cynic derives from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word κυνικός, ''kynikos'', "dog-like" and that from κύων, ''kyôn'', "[[dog]]" ([[genitive]]: ''kynos'').<ref>{{cite web|title=κυ^νικός, ή, όν, (κύων)|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2360864|access-date=3 December 2021|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204081016/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2360864|url-status=live}}</ref>

It seems certain that the word ''dog'' was also thrown at the first Cynics as an insult for their shameless rejection of conventional manners, and their decision to live on the streets. Diogenes, in particular, was referred to as ''the Dog''.<ref>An obscure reference to "the Dog" in Aristotle's ''Rhetoric'' (3.10.1411a25) is generally agreed to be the first reference to Diogenes.</ref>