Editing Response bias (section)

=== Question order bias ===
Question order bias, or "order effects bias", is a type of response bias where a respondent may react differently to questions based on the order in which questions appear in a survey or interview.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blankenship |first=Albert |date=1942 |title=Psychological Difficulties in Measuring Consumer Preference |journal=Journal of Marketing |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4, part 2 |pages=66–75 |doi=10.1177/002224294200600420.1 |jstor=1246085|s2cid=167331418 }}</ref> Question order bias is different from "response order bias" that addresses specifically the order of the set of responses within a survey question.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Israel |first1=Glenn D. |last2=Taylor |first2=C.L. |date=1990 |title=Can response order bias evaluations? |journal=Evaluation and Program Planning |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=365–371 |doi=10.1016/0149-7189(90)90021-N}}</ref> There are many ways that questionnaire items that appear earlier in a survey can affect responses to later questions. One way is when a question creates a "norm of reciprocity or fairness" as identified in the 1950 work of [[Herbert Hyman]] and Paul Sheatsley.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hyman |last2= Sheatsley|first1=H. H. |first2= P. B.|editor-last=Payne|editor-first=J. C. |date=1950|chapter=The Current Status of American Public Opinion|title=The Teaching of Contemporary Affairs: Twenty-first Yearbook of the National Council of Social Studies|pages=11–34|oclc=773251346}}</ref> In their research they asked two questions. One was asked on whether the United States should allow reporters from communist countries to come to the U.S. and send back news as they saw it; and another question was asked on whether a communist country like Russia should let American newspaper reporters come in and send back news as they saw it to America. In the study, the percentage of “yes” responses to the question allowing communist reporters increased by 37 percentage points depending on the order. Similarly results for the American reporters item increased by 24 percentage points. When either of the items was asked second, the context for the item was changed as a result of the answer to the first, and the responses to the second were more in line with what would be considered fair, based on the previous response.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods|last=Lavrakas|first=Paul J.|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc|year=2008|isbn=9781412918084|location=Thousand Oaks|pages=664–665}}</ref> Another way to alter the response towards questions based on order depends on the framing of the question. If a respondent is first asked about their general interest in a subject their response interest may be higher than if they are first posed technical or knowledge based questions about a subject.<ref name=":0" /> Part-whole contrast effect is yet another ordering effect. When general and specific questions are asked in different orders, results for the specific item are generally unaffected, whereas those for the general item can change significantly.<ref name=":0" /> Question order biases occur primarily in survey or questionnaire settings. Some strategies to limit the effects of question order bias include randomization, grouping questions by topic to unfold in a logical order.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/methodology/u-s-survey-research/questionnaire-design/|title=Questionnaire design|date=2015-01-29|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2017-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>