Editing Robert Badinter (section)

===1986–2024===
[[File:Robert Badinter, 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Badinter in 2007]]
From March 1986 to March 1995, he was president of the [[French Constitutional Council]]. From 1995 to 2011, he served as a [[French Senate|senator]], representing the [[Hauts-de-Seine]] [[département]].<ref>[http://www.senat.fr/senateur/badinter_robert95006b.html Robert Badinter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326202650/http://www.senat.fr/senateur/badinter_robert95006b.html |date=26 March 2022 }}, senat.fr</ref>

In 1989, he participated in an edition of the [[France 2|Antenne 2]] talk show ''[[Apostrophes (talk show)|Apostrophes]]'' devoted to human rights, together with the [[Tenzin Gyatso|14th Dalai Lama]]. Discussing the disappearance of [[Tibetan culture]] from Tibet, Badinter used the term "[[cultural genocide]]".<ref>[http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=Salonique&num_notice=5&total_notices=8 Les droits de l'homme Apostrophes, A2 – 21 April 1989 – 01h25m56s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128154820/http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice |date=28 November 2008 }}, Web site of the [[Institut national de l'audiovisuel|INA]]</ref> He praised the example of Tibetan nonviolent resistance.<ref>[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/badinter-la-non-violence-tibetaine-est-exemplaire_471273.html Badinter: "La non- violence tibétaine est exemplaire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205113456/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/badinter-la-non-violence-tibetaine-est-exemplaire_471273.html |date=5 February 2011 }}, lexpress.fr; accessed 12 March 2017.</ref> Badinter met with the Dalai Lama many times, in particular in 1998 when he greeted him as the "Champion of Human Rights",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tibet.fr/old/letter_december_98.htm|title=Letter December 98|website=www.tibet.fr|access-date=30 January 2009|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032753/http://www.tibet.fr/old/letter_december_98.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and again in 2008.<ref>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/speciales/les_jo_de_pekin_2008/20080813.OBS7234/le_dalai_lama_affirme_que_la_chine_ne_respecte_pas_la_t.html "Badinter and Dalai Lama"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822143622/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/speciales/les_jo_de_pekin_2008/20080813.OBS7234/le_dalai_lama_affirme_que_la_chine_ne_respecte_pas_la_t.html |date=22 August 2008 }}, ''Nouvel Observateur''; accessed 12 March 2017.</ref>

In 1991, Badinter was appointed by the [[Council of Ministers of the European Community]] as a member of the [[Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia]]. He was elected as president of the commission by the four other members, all presidents of [[constitutional court]]s in the [[European Community]]. The Arbitration Commission has rendered eleven pieces of advice regarding "major legal questions" arising from  the split of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]].<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/badinter-bio.htm Curriculum vitae of Robert Badinter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420220212/https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/badinter-bio.htm |date=20 April 2019 }}, un.org; accessed 12 March 2017.</ref>

Badinter was the first president of the [[Court of Conciliation and Arbitration]] of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE) following its creation in 1995; he served in that position until 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.osce.org/node/450118 |title=Robert Badinter – First President of the Court (1995–2013) |publisher=OSCE |accessdate=2022-11-24 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124150508/https://www.osce.org/node/450118 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Badinter opposed the [[accession of Turkey to the European Union]], on the grounds that Turkey might not be able to follow the rules of the Union. He was also concerned about the nation's location, saying: "We'll have, we Europeans, common borders with Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria. I am asking you: What justifies our common borders with these countries? What justifies that we'd get involved in the most dangerous areas of the world?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleishman |first=Jeffrey |date=2004-12-16 |title=Turkey Is Knocking, but EU Is Hesitating |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-dec-16-fg-euroturk16-story.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506052345/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-dec-16-fg-euroturk16-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a head of the Arbitration Commission, he gained high respect among [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] and other ethnic groups in the [[Republic of Macedonia]] because he recommended "that the use of the name 'Macedonia' cannot therefore imply any territorial claim against another State".<ref>For that judgement implying that [[Republic of Macedonia]] could unconditionally be admitted to [[International Organizations]] he was awarded with the title "Macedonian Senator" by the [[World Macedonian Congress]] in 2004. [http://makedonskosonce.com/old.makedonskosonce.com/broevis/2004/sonce501.pdf/16_20_pariz.pdf].</ref> He supported full recognition of the Republic in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No1/art8-02.html|title=Recognition of States: Annex 3|date=15 February 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215223455/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No1/art8-02.html|archive-date=15 February 2005}}</ref> He was involved in drafting the so-called [[Ohrid Agreement]] in the Republic of Macedonia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Reka |first=Blerim |date=2014-01-01 |title=The Ohrid Peace Process: The Past, the Present, and the Future Perspective |journal=Comparative Southeast European Studies |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=19–33 |doi=10.1515/soeu-2014-620103 |issn=2701-8202}}</ref> This agreement was based on the principle that ethnic-related proposals passed by the national assembly (and later to be applied to actions of city councils and other local government bodies) should be supported by a [[double majority]] of both Macedonian and Albanian ethnic groups. This is often called the "Badinter principle".<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Navari |first=Cornelia |date=2014 |title=Territoriality, self-determination and Crimea after Badinter |journal=International Affairs |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=1299–1318 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12171 |jstor=24538667 |issn=0020-5850}}</ref>

In 2009, Badinter expressed dismay at the Pope's lifting of the excommunication of controversial English Catholic bishop [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]], who had expressed [[Holocaust denial]] and was illegally [[consecrate]]d a bishop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20090202.OBS2742/eveque-negationniste-robert-badinter-s-indigne.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715121218/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/societe/20090202.OBS2742/eveque-negationniste-robert-badinter-s-indigne.html|url-status=dead|title=Evêque négationniste : Robert Badinter s'indigne|website=L'Obs|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> The Pope reactivated the excommunication later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=Scomunicato il vescovo negazionista monsignor Williamson |url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/scomunicato-vescovo-negazionista-monsignor-williamson-1107348.html |access-date=2021-06-30 |website=[[Il Giornale]] |language=it |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110013448/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/scomunicato-vescovo-negazionista-monsignor-williamson-1107348.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Badinter was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Robert+Badinter&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-23|website=search.amphilsoc.org|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423150436/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Robert+Badinter&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|url-status=live}}</ref>