Editing Romanesque architecture (section)

===Religion===
Across Europe, the late 11th and 12th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in the number of churches.<ref>"In the years that followed the year 1000, we witnessed the rebuilding of churches all over the universe, but especially in Italy and Gaul." Chronicle of Raoul Glaber, quoted by Jean Hubert, ''Romanesque Art''.</ref> A great number of these buildings, both large and small, remain, some almost intact and in others altered almost beyond recognition in later centuries. They include many very well known churches such as [[Santa Maria in Cosmedin]] in Rome,<ref>famous for the ancient Roman "Mouth of Truth" set into the wall of its narthex</ref> the [[Florence Baptistry|Baptistery in Florence]]<ref>famous for the 15th-century Ghiberti Doors</ref> and [[Basilica of San Zeno, Verona|San Zeno Maggiore]] in Verona.<ref>traditionally the marriage place of [[Romeo and Juliet]]</ref> In France, the famous abbeys of Aux Dames and Les Hommes at Caen and [[Mont Saint-Michel]] date from this period, as well as the abbeys of the pilgrimage route to [[Santiago de Compostela Cathedral|Santiago de Compostela]]. Many cathedrals owe their foundation to this date, with others beginning as abbey churches, and later becoming cathedrals. In England, of the cathedrals of ancient foundation, all were begun in this period with the exception of Salisbury, where the monks relocated from the Norman church at [[Old Sarum]], and several, such as [[Canterbury]], which were rebuilt on the site of Saxon churches.<ref name="JH">John Harvey, ''English Cathedrals''</ref><ref name="ACT">Alec Clifton-Taylor, ''The Cathedrals of England''</ref> In Spain, the most famous church of the period is [[Santiago de Compostela Cathedral|Santiago de Compostela]]. In Germany, the Rhine and its tributaries were the location of many Romanesque abbeys, notably [[Mainz Cathedral|Mainz]], [[Worms Cathedral|Worms]], [[Speyer Cathedral|Speyer]] and [[Bamberg Cathedral|Bamberg]]. In [[Cologne]], then the largest city north of the Alps, a very important [[Twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne|group of large city churches]] survived largely intact. As monasticism spread across Europe, Romanesque churches sprang up in Scotland, Scandinavia, Poland, Hungary, Sicily, Serbia and Tunisia. Several important Romanesque churches were built in the [[Crusader kingdom]]s.<ref name=Toman>Rolf Toman, ''Romanesque''.</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title = Architecture
 |publisher = National Tourism Organisation of Serbia
 |url = http://t1.sw4i.com/cms/item/info/en/architecture.html
 |access-date = 2007-09-28
 |url-status = dead
 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20070522174032/http://t1.sw4i.com/cms/item/info/en/architecture.html
 |archive-date = 2007-05-22
}}</ref>

====Monasticism====
The system of monasticism in which the religious become members of an order, with common ties and a common rule, living in a mutually dependent community, rather than as a group of hermits living in proximity but essentially separate, was established by the monk [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedict]] in the 6th century. The [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] monasteries spread from Italy throughout Europe, being always by far the most numerous in England. They were followed by the [[Cluniacs|Cluniac]] order, the [[Cistercians]], [[Carthusian]]s and [[Augustinian Canons]]. During the [[Crusades]], the military orders of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] and the [[Knights Templar]] were founded.

The monasteries, which sometimes also functioned as cathedrals, and the cathedrals that had bodies of secular clergy often living in community, were a major source of power in Europe. Bishops and the abbots of important monasteries lived and functioned like princes. The monasteries were the major seats of learning of all sorts. Benedict had ordered that all the arts were to be taught and practiced in the monasteries. Within the monasteries books were transcribed by hand, and few people outside the monasteries could read or write.<ref name=BF/>

In France, Burgundy was the centre of monasticism. The enormous and powerful monastery at [[Cluny Abbey|Cluny]] was to have lasting effect on the layout of other monasteries and the design of their churches. Very little of the abbey church at Cluny remains; the "Cluny II" rebuilding of 963 onwards has completely vanished, but we have a good idea of the design of "Cluny III" from 1088 to 1130, which until the Renaissance remained the largest building in Europe. However, the church of [[Basilica of St. Sernin, Toulouse|St. Sernin]] at [[Toulouse]], 1080–1120, has remained intact and demonstrates the regularity of Romanesque design with its modular form, its massive appearance and the repetition of the simple arched window motif.<ref name=HG/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="170" widths="220" caption="Types of churches">
File:Slidredomen, Vestre Slidre.JPG|alt=A little stone church with a little steeple on a wooden belfry sits in a green graveyard overlooking a lake and mountains.|Many parish churches across Europe, such as this in [[Vestre Slidre]], Norway, are of Romanesque foundation.
File:Abbey-of-senanque-provence-gordes.jpg|alt=In a wooded valley is a large church with small windows and a square stone belfry. It is surrounded by ancient buildings arranged around courtyards, and a lavender garden.|The Romanesque [[Sénanque Abbey]] church and surrounding monastic buildings, Gordes, [[Provence]], France
File:Celles JPG00.jpg|alt=The houses of a small town, surrounded by green hillsides, are dominated by a huge church with a large square tower and a spire like a witch's hat.|Collegiate churches such as that of [[Saint Hadelin]], [[Celles, Houyet|Celles]], Belgium, were administered by lay canons.
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|alt=A huge cathedral with numerous towers, both square and round, rises above a town square where people are sitting in the shade of clipped trees.|Many cathedrals such as [[Trier Cathedral]], Germany, date from this period, with many later additions.
</gallery>

====Pilgrimage and Crusade====
One of the effects of the [[Crusades]], which were intended to wrest the Holy Places of the Levant from [[Islam]]ic control, was to excite a great deal of religious fervour, which in turn inspired great building programs. The Nobility of Europe, upon safe return, thanked [[God]] by the building of a new church or the enhancement of an old one. Likewise, those who did not return from the Crusades could be suitably commemorated by their family in a work of stone and mortar.

The Crusades resulted in the transfer of, among other things, a great number of [[Relic|Holy Relics]] of [[saint]]s and [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]]. Many churches, like [[Périgueux|Saint-Front, Périgueux]], had their own home grown saint while others, most notably [[Santiago de Compostela]], claimed the remains and the patronage of a powerful saint, in this case one of the [[Twelve Apostles]]. [[Santiago de Compostela]], located in the [[Kingdom of Galicia]] (present day [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Spain) became one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in Europe. Most of the pilgrims travelled the [[Way of St. James]] on foot, many of them barefooted as a sign of penance. They moved along one of the four main routes that passed through France, congregating for the journey at [[Jumièges]], Paris, [[Vézelay]], [[Cluny]], [[Arles]] and [[St. Gall]] in Switzerland. They crossed two passes in the [[Pyrenees]] and converged into a single stream to traverse north-western Spain. Along the route they were urged on by those pilgrims returning from the journey. On each of the routes abbeys such as those at [[Moissac]], [[Toulouse]], [[Roncesvalles]], [[Conques]], [[Limoges]] and [[Burgos]] catered for the flow of people and grew wealthy from the passing trade. [[Saint-Benoît-du-Sault]], in the Berry province, is typical of the churches that were founded on the pilgrim route.<ref name=BF/><ref Name=HG/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="147" width="200" caption="Pilgrimage and crusade">
File:Jerusalem Holy Sepulchre BW 23.JPG|alt=The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, a major pilgrimage site from the 4th century onwards, its rotunda inspired the construction of many Romanesque circular churches.|The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], [[Jerusalem]], a major pilgrimage site from the 4th century onwards. Its rotunda inspired the construction of many Romanesque circular churches.
File:Krak des chevaliers15(js).jpg|Like many castles built by [[Crusades|crusader]] knights, the inner fortress of [[Krak des Chevaliers]], [[Syria]], was mainly constructed in this period, with the outer walls being later.
File:Abbatiale de Conques.jpg|The Abbey of Saint Foy, [[Conques]], France, was one of many such abbeys to be built along the pilgrimage [[Way of St James]] that led to [[Santiago de Compostela]].
File:Périgueux 3.JPG|alt=The plan of the Church of Saint Front, Périgueux, France, was influenced by Byzantine architecture seen by the Crusaders. The present appearance is largely due to restorer Paul Abadie, mid-19th century|The plan of the [[Périgueux Cathedral|Church of Saint Front]], Périgueux, France, was influenced by [[Byzantine architecture]] seen by the Crusaders. The present appearance is largely due to restorer [[Paul Abadie]], mid-19th century.
File:Toulouse - View on Saint Sernin.jpg|The [[basilica of Saint-Sernin]] in [[Toulouse]] is the archetype of large pilgrimage churches, where pilgrims could walk around the church via the transept and the choir chapels.
</gallery>