Editing Rust (fungus) (section)

===Research===
Efforts to control rusts began to be scientifically based in the 20th century.<ref name="Staples-2000">{{cite journal | year=2000 | issue=1 | volume=38 | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | first=Richard | s2cid=4861612 | pmid=11701836 | pages=49–69 | doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.49 | issn=0066-4286 | journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] | title=Research on the Rust Fungi During the Twentieth Century | last=Staples}}</ref> [[Elvin C. Stakman]] initiated the scientific study of [[host resistance]], which had heretofore been poorly understood and handled by individual growers as part of the [[plant breeding|breeding process]].<ref name="Staples-2000" /> Stakman was followed by [[H. H. Flor]]'s extensive discoveries of rust genetics.<ref name="Staples-2000" /> In order to study rust [[metabolism|metabolics]], Tervet ''et al.'', 1951 developed the {{Vanchor|Cyclone Separator}}.<ref name="Staples-2000" /> The cyclone separator uses the [[cyclonic separation]] mechanism to allow the mechanised collection of spores for study – Cherry & Peet 1966's improved version gathers even more efficiently.<ref name="Staples-2000" /> This device was first put to work testing the composition of the spores themselves, especially substances coating the outside of the spores which [[quorum sensing|signal population density]].<ref name="Staples-2000" /> When detected they help prevent crowding.<ref name="Staples-2000" />

[[Gene cloning]] and other methods of [[genetic engineering]] can provide a much wider range of [[R gene]]s and other sources of rust resistance – with reduced delay before deployment – if [[regulation of genetic engineering]] permits.<ref name="Reveal rust R genes">{{Cite journal|journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal|year=2023|pages=1938–1951|volume=21|issue=10|last1=Dracatos|first1=Peter M.|last2=Lu|first2=Jing|last3=Sánchez-Martín|first3=Javier|last4=Wulff|first4=Brande B.H.|s2cid=260201756|pmid=37494504|doi=10.1111/pbi.14106|title=Resistance that stacks up: engineering rust and mildew disease control in the cereal crops wheat and barley|pmc=10502761 }}</ref>