Editing Santa language (section)

===Stress=== <!-- FIXME -->
The majority of words in Santa are stressed on the final syllable. Examples include {{lang|sce|yawu}} {{IPA|/jɑˈwu/}} (to walk), {{lang|sce|funiegvan}} {{IPA|/funjəˈʁɑŋ/}} (fox) and {{lang|sce|agven}} {{IPA|/ɑˈʁəŋ/}} (village). Stress also shifts to the suffix when added to a word: {{lang|sce|funiegvan-ni}} {{IPA|/funjəʁɑŋˈni/}} (fox, genitive case), {{lang|sce|agven-de}} {{IPA|/ɑʁəŋˈdə/}} (village, locative case).{{sfnp|Field|1997|p=151}}

However, several exceptions to this rule exist:
* Certain suffix clitics prevent the stress from shifting to the final syllable, as seen in {{lang|sce|2=yawu=ne}} {{IPA|/jɑˈwunə/}} (walk!, imperative), {{lang|sce|2=tomo=ghala}} {{IPA|/tʰoˈmoqɑlɑ/}} (hammer, instrumental). However, not every clitic follows this rule.{{sfnp|Field|1997|p=151}}
* The suffixes {{lang|sce|+jiwo}} and {{lang|sce|+senu}} receive [[penult]]imate stress: {{lang|sce|jawu+jiwo}} {{IPA|/jɑwuˈt͡ʂiwo/}} (to walk, progressive) and {{lang|sce|ire+senu}} {{IPA|/irəˈsənu/}} (as soon as one comes).{{sfnp|Field|1997|p=152}}
* Similarly, {{lang|sce|basi}} {{IPA|/ˈpɑsi/}} (tiger) and {{lang|sce|bosi}} {{IPA|/ˈposi/}} (cloth) are stressed on the initial syllable. There is a minimal pair with {{lang|sce|bosi}} where the stress on the final syllable ({{IPA|/poˈsi/}})means 'to wake up'.{{sfnp|Field|1997|p=152}}
* Loanwords may also violate the final stress rule; this is discussed below.{{sfnp|Field|1997|p=152}}

====In loanwords====
In Chinese loanwords, stress is not predictable; this is likely due to the tonal influence from the original pronunciation. However, these tones are based on the dialects of the [[Hui people]] rather than the [[Standard Chinese|standard dialect]]. Examples of non-final stress include {{lang|sce|hushi}} {{IPA|/ˈxuʂi/}} (nurse; from {{lang|zh|护士}} {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|hùshì}}), {{lang|sce|daozi}} {{IPA|/ˈdɑwt͡si/}} (rice paddy; from {{lang|zh|稻子}} {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|dàozi}}) and {{lang|sce|dadou}} {{IPA|/ˈdɑdəw/}} (soybean; from {{lang|zh|大豆}} {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|dàdòu}}). [[Minimal pair]]s, though uncommon, also exist. One example is {{lang|sce|shizi}} {{IPA|/ˈʂit͡si/}} (persimmon; from {{lang|zh|柿子}} {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|shìzi}}) and {{lang|sce|shizi}} {{IPA|/ʂiˈt͡si/}} (lion; from {{lang|zh|狮子}} {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|shīzi}}).{{sfnp|Field|1997|p=154}}

There are a number of Arabic loanwords which also violate ultimate stress; these include {{lang|sce|aghili}} {{IPA|/ˈɑqili/}} (wisdom; from {{lang|ar|عَقِيْل}} {{lang|ar-Latn|ʿaqīl}}), {{lang|sce|mehheri}} {{IPA|/ˈməhəri/}} (dowry; from {{lang|ar|مَهْر⁩}} {{lang|ar-Latn|mahr}}), {{lang|sce|ghalebu}} {{IPA|/qɑˈləbu/}} (body, form; from {{lang|ar|قَالَب⁩}} {{lang|ar-Latn|qālab}}), etc.{{sfnp|Field|1997|p=153}}

Some words with unknown origin may also stress on other syllables, including {{lang|sce|tonghori}} {{IPA|/ˈtʰoŋqori/}} (wild goose), {{lang|sce|dawala}} {{IPA|/ˈtɑwɑlɑ/}} (urinary bladder) and {{lang|sce|bawa}} {{IPA|/ˈpɑwɑ/}} (great-grandfather).{{sfnp|Field|1997|p=153}}