Editing Serial killer (section)

===Development===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00824, Hannover, Prozeß gegen Friedrich Haarmann.jpg|thumb|German serial killer [[Fritz Haarmann]] with police detectives, November 1924]]

Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development.<ref name="PlotnikKouyoumdjian2010">{{cite book|author1=Rod Plotnik|author2=Haig Kouyoumdjian|title=Introduction to Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2txsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA509|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-79100-1|page=509|access-date=September 1, 2020|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120052954/https://books.google.com/books?id=2txsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA509|url-status=live}}</ref> Hickey's Trauma Control Model explains how early childhood trauma can set the child up for [[Deviance (sociology)|deviant behavior]] in adulthood; the child's environment (either their parents or society) is the dominant factor determining whether or not the child's behavior escalates into homicidal activity.{{sfn|Holmes|Holmes|2000|p=107}}

Family, or lack thereof, is the most prominent part of a child's development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis.{{sfn|Tithecott|1997|p=38}} "The serial killer is no different from any other individual who is instigated to seek approval from parents, sexual partners, or others."{{sfn|Hale|1993|p=41}} This need for approval is what influences children to attempt to develop social relationships with their family and peers. "The quality of their attachments to parents and other members of the family is critical to how these children relate to and value other members of society."{{sfn|Hasselt|1999|p=162}}

Wilson and Seaman (1990) conducted a study on incarcerated serial killers, and what they concluded was the most influential factor that contributed to their homicidal activity.{{sfn|Wilson|Seaman|1992}} Almost all of the serial killers in the study had experienced some sort of environmental problems during their childhood, such as a broken home caused by divorce, or a lack of a parental figure to discipline the child. Nearly half of the serial killers had experienced some type of physical or sexual abuse, and more of them had experienced emotional neglect.{{sfn|Hasselt|1999|p=162}}

When a parent has a drug or [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] problem, the attention in the household is on the parents rather than the child. This neglect of the child leads to the lowering of their self-esteem and helps develop a fantasy world in which they are in control. Hickey's Trauma Control Model supports how parental neglect can facilitate deviant behavior, especially if the child sees substance abuse in action.{{sfn|Hickey|2010|p=107}} This then leads to [[disposition]] (the inability to attach), which can further lead to homicidal behavior, unless the child finds a way to develop substantial relationships and fight the label they receive. If a child receives no support from anyone, then they are unlikely to recover from the [[psychological trauma|traumatic]] event in a positive way. As stated by E. E. Maccoby, "the family has continued to be seen as a major—perhaps ''the'' major—arena for socialization".{{sfn|Maccoby|1992|pp=1006–1017}}

====Chromosomal makeup====
There have been studies looking into the possibility that an abnormality with one's [[chromosome]]s could be the trigger for serial killers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201803/do-all-serial-killers-have-genetic-predisposition-kill|title=Do All Serial Killers Have a Genetic Predisposition to Kill? – Exploring a Complex Question|website=Psychology Today|author=Berit Brogaard, D.M.Sci., Ph.D|year=2018|access-date=September 1, 2020|archive-date=September 7, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200907221522/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201803/do-all-serial-killers-have-genetic-predisposition-kill|url-status=live}}</ref> Two serial killers, [[Bobby Joe Long]] and [[Richard Speck]], came to attention for reported chromosomal abnormalities. Long had an [[Klinefelter syndrome|extra X chromosome]].<ref name="speckpt">{{cite web|last1=Ramsland|first1=Katherine|title=Shame and the Serial Killer: Humiliation's influence on criminal behavior needs more attention|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/shadow-boxing/201909/shame-and-the-serial-killer|access-date=September 13, 2020|publisher=Psychology Today|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220110004338/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/shadow-boxing/201909/shame-and-the-serial-killer|url-status=live}}</ref>  Speck was erroneously reported to have an [[XYY syndrome|extra Y chromosome]]; in fact, his [[karyotype]] was performed twice and was normal each time.<ref name="Engel 1972">{{cite journal |author=Engel, Eric |date=September 1972 |title=The making of an XYY |journal=Am J Ment Defic |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=123–7 |pmid=5081078}}</ref> While attempts have been made to link the XYY karyotype to violence, including serial murder, research has consistently found little or no association between violent criminal behaviour and an extra Y chromosome.<ref name="March of Dimes">{{cite book |editor1=Robinson, Arthur |editor2=Lubs, Herbert A. |editor3=Bergsma, Daniel |year=1979 |title=Sex chromosome aneuploidy: prospective studies on children|series=Birth defects original article series '''15''' (1) |location=New York |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Alan R. Liss]] |isbn=978-0-8451-1024-9}}
* {{cite book |editor=Stewart, Donald A. |year=1982 |title=Children with sex chromosome aneuploidy: follow-up studies |series=Birth defects original article series '''18''' (4) |location=New York |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Alan R. Liss]] |isbn=978-0-8451-1052-2}}
* {{cite book |editor1=Ratcliffe, Shirley G. |editor2=Paul, Natalie |year=1986 |title=Prospective studies on children with sex chromosome aneuploidy |series=Birth defects original article series '''22''' (3) |location=New York |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Alan R. Liss]] |isbn=978-0-8451-1062-1}}
* {{cite book |editor1=Evans, Jane A. |editor2=Hamerton, John L. |editor3=Robinson, Arthur |year=1991 |title=Children and young adults with sex chromosome aneuploidy: follow-up, clinical and molecular studies |series=Birth defects original article series '''26''' (4) |location=New York |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley-Liss]] |isbn=978-0-471-56846-9}}</ref>

====Fantasy====
Children who do not have the [[Power (social and political)|power]] to control the mistreatment they suffer sometimes create a new reality to which they can escape. This new reality becomes their [[Fantasy (psychology)|fantasy]] that they have total control of and becomes part of their daily existence. In this fantasy world, their emotional development is guided and maintained. According to Garrison (1996), "the child becomes [[Psychopathy#Sociopathy|sociopathic]] because the normal development of the concepts of right and wrong and [[empathy]] towards others is retarded because the child's emotional and [[Social change|social development]] occurs within his self-centered fantasies. A person can do no wrong in his own world and the pain of others is of no consequence when the purpose of the fantasy world is to satisfy the needs of one person" (Garrison, 1996). Boundaries between fantasy and reality are lost and fantasies turn to dominance, control, sexual conquest, and violence, eventually leading to murder. Fantasy can lead to the first step in the process of a dissociative state, which, in the words of Stephen Giannangelo, "allows the serial killer to leave the stream of consciousness for what is, to him, a better place".{{sfn|Giannangelo|1996|p=33}}

Criminologist Jose Sanchez reports, "The young criminal you see today is more detached from his victim, more ready to hurt or kill.  The lack of empathy for their victims among young criminals is just one symptom of a problem that afflicts the whole society."{{sfn|Tithecott|1997|p=38}} Lorenzo Carcaterra, author of ''Gangster'' (2001), explains how potential criminals are [[Labeling theory|labeled by society]], which can then lead to their offspring also developing in the same way through the [[cycle of violence]]. The ability for serial killers to appreciate the mental life of others is severely compromised, presumably leading to their dehumanization of others.<ref name="Silva-2004">{{harvnb|Silva|Leong|Ferrari|2004|p=790}}, {{harvnb|Tithecott|1997|page=43}}</ref> This process may be considered an expression of the [[intersubjectivity]] associated with a cognitive deficit regarding the capability to make sharp distinctions between other people and inanimate objects. For these individuals, objects can appear to possess animistic or humanistic power while people are perceived as objects.<ref name="Silva-2004"/> Before he was executed, serial killer [[Ted Bundy]] stated media violence and pornography had stimulated and increased his need to commit homicide, although this statement was made during last-ditch efforts to appeal his death sentence.{{sfn|Hasselt|1999|p=162}}