Editing Shooting range (section)

===Outdoor range===
[[File:Tontaubenschießstand_Schlosspark_Plaue_2.jpg|thumb|Clay pigeon shooting stand of 1900 at [[Plaue, Brandenburg|Plaue Castle]] (Germany)]]
[[File:Outdoor shooting range.jpg|alt=Outdoor firing range|thumb|Outdoor firing range]]
Outdoor shooting ranges are used for [[long range shooting|longer-distance shooting]] up to or exceeding {{convert|1200|yd|m}}.  Training might also specifically require exposure to the elements such as wind, dust and rain. Outdoor competition shooting is preferred under benign weather conditions, although conditions may change, competition is only abandoned when safety becomes an issue.

Outdoor ranges are designed to contain all fired shots.  This necessitates a high retaining wall behind the target line called a backstop or stop-butt, comprising an earth mound, [[sandbag]] barrier or specially designed funnel-shaped traps to catch and prevent misaligned shots, errant projectile ricochets, or shots going beyond the bounds of the shooting range.  Most outdoor ranges restrict the maximum caliber size and/or projectile energy based on the design specification of the range.  Some target-shooting ranges have separate facilities devoted to the use of higher-powered firearms such as [[.50 caliber]].

[[File:Sydney International Shooting Centre 12.jpg|thumb|Protected firing point at Sydney International Shooting Centre, built for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games]]
Outdoor ranges may be partially enclosed and so have some features in common with indoor ranges, for example the [[British Armed Forces]] '''barrack range''' has a roofed firing point and normally has 360° walls.  As its name suggests, it is generally found in military bases rather than in the more remote areas common to outdoor ranges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/138226/JSP403_Vol2_Chap08_DLRSC.pdf|title= JSP403 - Defence Ranges Safety|website=MoD|language=en-uk|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> Outdoor ranges for [[International Shooting Sport Federation|ISSF]] and [[Shooting at the Summer Olympics|Olympic shooting]] events often have heavily sheltered firing points to protect athletes, spectators and media from inclement weather as well as housing the sophisticated electronic target systems.

Several studies of outdoor ranges have shown that prolonged exposure to lead and noise can cause health problems, particularly among employees and instructors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ranges/|title= Indoor Firing Ranges - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic|website=CDC|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-08|date= 2018-08-13}}</ref>

Due to their larger area and more "open air" nature, outdoor ranges need less cleaning and maintenance than indoor ranges.  However, despite  the  natural ventilation of outdoor firing ranges, some outdoor ranges have ballistic baffles overhead, and concrete walls and structures on the sides that can cause the air to stagnate and lead to increase exposure to lead and noise.

Consequently, operators of outdoor ranges might consider adding sound transmission barriers, absorptive materials, and natural vegetation to lessen noise emission.  Fans pointing downrange can provide air movement away from shooters to lessen lead exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/wp-solutions/2013-104/|title=CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - Reducing Exposure to Lead and Noise at Outdoor Firing Ranges (2013-104)|website=CDC|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-08|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013104|year=2012|doi-access=free}}</ref>

;Air rifle
:Outdoor air rifle ranges can have a fixed distance such as {{convert|10|m|yd|0}} or {{convert|25|m|yd|0}} or be an area for the practice of the sport of [[field target]] shooting, where reset metal targets are placed in natural surroundings at various distances and elevations, with a pellet trap behind the target.

;Small-bore rifle
[[File:Malcolm Cooper 50Metre Range, Lord Roberts Centre.jpg|thumb|[[National Smallbore Rifle Association|NSRA's]] Malcolm Cooper 50 Metre Range on [[Bisley Camp]], UK]]
:Small-bore ([[.22 Long Rifle]] caliber) rifle ranges are typically {{convert|50|m|yd|0}} to accommodate the Olympic [[50 metre rifle prone|50 m Rifle]] event, but they can extend to {{convert|200|m|yd|0}}. These ranges are found around the world as part of various cadet shooting programs, sometimes reduced to {{convert|25|m|yd|0}}, or in American parlance "the thousand-inch range".<ref>{{cite book|page= [https://archive.org/details/gunnersglory00john/page/194 194] |author=Clark, Johnnie M. |title=Gunner's Glory: Untold Stories of Marine Machine Gunners|url= https://archive.org/details/gunnersglory00john |url-access= registration |publisher= Ballantine Books|date= 2004|isbn=9780345463890 }}</ref> Often called "'''miniature rifle ranges'''", they featured as training establishments for initial military marksmanship training using lower-cost ammunition imparting less recoil or for entertainment [[carnival game]]s.

;Full-bore rifle
:Target shooting range for larger-caliber centerfire rifles are no shorter than {{convert|100|m|yd|0}}, except in the case of "Zero" ranges used for setting or checking the zero of sights using special "ladder" targets. "Zero". Military ranges are typically at least {{convert|500|-|1000|m|yd|0}} to safely accommodate the range of most rifles. Public ranges can be as long as {{convert|2000|yd|m|0}} and typically accommodate hunters and sportsman participating in sports such as [[300 m Standard Rifle]], [[metallic silhouette]] or [[benchrest shooting]].

;Shotgun
[[File:2012-05-28 Fotoflug Cuxhaven Wilhelmshaven DSCF9619.jpg|thumb|Clay pigeon layouts for Skeet and Trap shooting]]
:Specialist ranges cater for various [[clay pigeon shooting]] events and require special layouts and equipment.